Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 6: Bones and skeletal tissues (part a)

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Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 6: Bones and skeletal tissues (part a). When you finish this chapter, you should: Describe the functional properties of the three types of cartilage tissue, locate the major cartilages of the adult skeleton, explain how cartilage grows, name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions, compare and contrast the four bone classes and provide examples of each class,...

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 6: Bones and skeletal tissues (part a)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Part A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Cartilages • Contain no blood vessels or nerves • Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Cartilages 1. Hyaline cartilages • Provide support, flexibility, and resilience • Most abundant type 2. Elastic cartilages • Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers 3. Fibrocartilages • Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Epiglottis Thyroid Larynx Cartilage in Cartilages in cartilage external ear nose Cricoid Trachea Articular Lung cartilage Cartilage of a joint Cartilage in Costal Intervertebral cartilage disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic Bones of skeleton symphysis Axial skeleton Meniscus (padlike cartilage in Appendicular skeleton knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1
Growth of Cartilage • Appositional • Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage • Interstitial • Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within • Calcification of cartilage occurs during • Normal bone growth • Old age Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of the Skeleton • Two main groups, by location • Axial skeleton (brown) • Appendicular skeleton (yellow) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cartilage in Cartilages in external ear nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Cartilage in Costal Intervertebral cartilage disc Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1
Classification of Bones by Shape • Long bones • Longer than they are wide • Short bones • Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) • Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Bones by Shape • Flat bones • Thin, flat, slightly curved • Irregular bones • Complicated shapes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2
Functions of Bones • Support • For the body and soft organs • Protection • For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs • Movement • Levers for muscle action Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Functions of Bones • Storage • Minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities • Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Markings • Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons • Joint surfaces • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Markings: Projections • Sites of muscle and ligament attachment • Tuberosity—rounded projection • Crest—narrow, prominent ridge • Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface • Line—narrow ridge of bone • Tubercle—small rounded projection • Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle • Spine—sharp, slender projection • Process—any bony prominence Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6.1
Bone Markings: Projections • Projections that help to form joints • Head • Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck • Facet • Smooth, nearly flat articular surface • Condyle • Rounded articular projection • Ramus • Armlike bar Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6.1
Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings • Meatus • Groove • Canal-like passageway • Furrow • Sinus • Fissure • Cavity within a bone • Narrow, slitlike opening • Fossa • Foramen • Shallow, basinlike • Round or oval opening depression through a bone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6.1
Bone Textures • Compact bone • Dense outer layer • Spongy (cancellous) bone • Honeycomb of trabeculae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.