Liên minh Nhật Bản - Anh và tác động tới quan hệ Mỹ - Nhật Bản trong những năm 1902-1923 (Tiếp theo và hết)

UCN AAINH NHnr BnN - nNH vn Tnc D O N G TOI QUnN H€<br /> m - NHRT fiRN TRONG NHUNG NRM 1902-1923<br /> (Tiep theo vd het)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TRAN THIEN THANH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Trong nhiJng nam 1906-1907, quan he tie'p giap vdi cac vung lanh thd ma hai nUdc<br /> My - Nhat rdi vao tinh trang khung hoang cd quyen cai quan, bao hd hoac chie'm ddng".<br /> nghiem trpng. Cupc khung hoang do lien Nhat Ban va Nga xae dinh dudng phan ranh<br /> quan de'n hai va'n &i: gidi khu viie anh hudng ciia mdi nudc d Man<br /> Va'n de thfl nha't, Nhat khong tudn thu Chau va cam ke't khdng xam pham cac tuyen<br /> chinh sdch md c^a Mdn Chdu nhU da cam dudng sit, he thd'ng dien tin trong khu viic<br /> ke't vdi chinh phu Anh va My dl dd'i la'y vide anh hudng cua nhau (15). Vide tdn tai nhflng<br /> hai nUdc nay ilng hp Nhat trong cupc chie'n khu viie anh hudng nay rd rang mau thuin<br /> tranh vdi Nga nam 1904-1905. Mac du Thu vdi nguyen tac thfl hai cua "hpc thuyet Hay"<br /> tudng Saionji chinh thflc khang dinh ring vl "sU toan ven cua Trung Quo'c".<br /> chinh phii Nhat da quye't dinh thiic hien Va'n de thfl hai la udn di ngiidi Nhat<br /> chinh sach md cfla Man Chau trong cdng nhap cii tai My. Viec sd' lUdng ngUdi Nhat<br /> ham gfli Wilson ngay 11-4-1906 (14), tuy d Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde<br /> nhidn, tren thiie td, sfl binh dang tren ta't ca My tang nhanh, vdi sd lUdng ldn hdn<br /> cac mat da khdng dupe thiet lap d Man Chau. nhieu so vdi d Man Chau, Dai Loan va<br /> Nhflng hanh ddng sau dd eua Nhat Ban eho Trilu Tien da lam tang them ndi lo sd ve<br /> tha'y Nhat khdng mud'n chia se ldi ich d dia "mdi hidm hpa da vang" trong dan ehung<br /> ban chie'n lUdc nay. Ngoai viec xam nhap My. Vi the, ngay khi eude chie'n tranh<br /> manh me ve kinh t-e vao Man Chau, nam Nga-Nhat chfla ke't thuc, trudc nhflng<br /> quyin hanh chinh va quan sU tai Quan t h i n g ldi quan sii cua Nhat, lan sdng<br /> Ddng, ddng thdi tie'n tdi gianh quyen hanh chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d vung bd bien Thai<br /> chinh d nhflng vung dpc theo dudng sit, Binh Dfldng nUdc My da dien ra. Ngay 11-<br /> Nhat Ban cdn ky hiep fldc vdi Phap (thang 6- 11-1906, San Francisco thdng qua Bao<br /> 1907) va Nga (thang 7-1907). Theo dd, Nhat luat cdch ly tre em chau A, khdng cho hpc<br /> va Phap cdng nhan lpi ich dac bidt eua moi chung vdi tre em da tring. Su phan biet<br /> ben trong vide "duy tri hda binh va trat tfl d ddi xfl va cac vu bao liic ciia mdt bd phSn<br /> Trung Qud'c", "dae biet Id d nhflng khu vuc dan chung My chd'ng lai ngfldi Nhat da<br /> <br /> 'TS. Khoa Lich sfl • Trudng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br /> 68 Rghien eflu Lieh s^. so 7.2014<br /> <br /> d i n dd'n khung hoang trong quan he giiia mdt vai t u i n dUdng ham d Thai Binh<br /> hai nudc Nhat - My. Dudng. NhUng My mud'n ran de va cho<br /> Ngay khi nhflng hanh dpng bai trfl Nhat Ban thay ham dpi eua My ed thd dl<br /> ngudi Nhat diln ra, Dai sfl Nhat gfli cdng dang dieu chuyen tfl Dai Tay Dfldng sang<br /> ham phan doi gay gat. Bao chi Nhat len an Thai Binh Dfldng va My khdng "ngon xdi" nhfl<br /> hanh ddng tay chay ngUdi Nhat d San de qudc Nga trUdc day (16).<br /> Francisco. Mot so' td bao va nhan vat ed anh Cudc bieu dfldng Iflc lUdng vdng quanh<br /> hfldng d Nhat keu gpi chien tranh chdng the gidi cua "Ham dpi vi dai mau tring"<br /> My. (Great White Fleet) cUa My tfl ngay 16-12-<br /> Lo ngai phan flng manh me cua Nhat se 1907 dd'n 22-2-1909, trong dd cd cap ben<br /> pha huy hoat ddng ngoai thUdng ciia My d Yokohama, Nhat Ban va luu lai day den<br /> Vien Ddng va cd the se dan tdi chid'n tranh, ngay 25-10-1908 thiic sU gay an tUdng<br /> mdt mat My bi mat tang cudng luc lUdng manh me vdi Nhat Ban. Nguy cd chie'n<br /> hai quan san sang hanh ddng, mat khac cd' tranh qua di. Thang 8-1908, My va Nhat ky<br /> gang tim mdt giai phap mang tinh thda cac hiep dinh ve nhan hieu hang hoa va<br /> hiep vdi ca California va Nhat Ban. Kdt phan xfl tranh eha'p b Trung Qude va Trilu<br /> qua la^ ngay 24-2-1907, "Thoa thuan cua Tien. Vai ngay sau khi cac chid'n ham My rdi<br /> nhOng ngiidi qudn t^" (Gentlement's Nhat Ban, ngay 30-10-1908, Ngoai tnidng<br /> Agreement) dfldc ky ke't. Theo do. My cam My Elihu Root va Dai sfl Nhat tai<br /> kd't ngan ehan lan sdng phan bidt ddi xfl vdi Washington, dng Kogoro Takahira trao ddi<br /> ngfldi Nhat, dd'i lai Nhat phai cam ket se cdng ham ddng y thid't lap cac nguyen tac<br /> ban che ngfldi Nhat di cU sang My. Nhung, trong qUan he gifla hai nudc phii hdp vdi<br /> khi lan sdng chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d California chinh sach eua My. Cdng ham khang dinh<br /> giam di thi nhflng ddt di cU cua ngudi Nhat "tdn trpng cac vung da't thude sd hihi ciia<br /> vdn tie'p tuc tran tdi Hawaii va bd bien phia mdi nUde d Thai Binh DUdng" va 'hao ve ldi<br /> Tay nUde My, tuy cd giam di chut it. Vi vay, ich chung cua ta't ca cae cUdng qud'c tai<br /> cupc bao ddng ehd'ng ngUdi Nhat lai didn ra Trung Qud'c bang each ung hd mpi bien phap<br /> d San Francisco vao thang 5-1907. hda binh ma nhiing cudng qud'c nay sfl dung<br /> dd duy tri nen dpc lap va toan ven lanh thd<br /> Khi nguy cd chie'n tranh tai xua't hien eua Trung Qudc cung nhfl nguydn tac binh<br /> trong quan he My - Nhat, Tong thdng T. dang trong hoat ddng cdng nghiep va thUdng<br /> Roosevelt da ap dung chinh sach "khdng mai cua nhflng nxidc nay tai day" (17). Mac<br /> can ndi nhieu chi can mang theo mpt cay dii vky, cdng ham trao ddi gifla Root va<br /> gay ldn". Mdt mat, Roosevelt lam ra ve Takahira chi ed ddi chut gia tri trong vide<br /> quan tam xem xet nhflng phan flng gay g i t lam yen long cdng chung chfl khdng dfla<br /> eua Nhat, mat khac, tieh cflc chuan bi cho de'n sfl cai thidn ldn nao trong quan hd song<br /> mpt cupc bieu dUdng lUe lUdng cua My tren phUdng Nhat-My. My va Nhat vin nhin<br /> quy md ldn. Vide chuan bi eho mdt cupc nhau nhfl "nhflng ke thu tilm tang va la<br /> bieu dUdng liic lUpng ldn cua My xua't phat mdi de dpa thflc sU" va deu hi mat d l ra ke<br /> tfl thUe te My khdng mud'n e l t dflt quan he hoach chie'n tranh chd'ng lai nhau.<br /> vdi Nhat vi chfla chuan bi dly dii eho chien<br /> tranh. P h i n ldn ham dpi My dang tap Thiic td tren trong quan he My-Nhat<br /> trung hoat ddng d Dai Tay Dudng, ehi cd Ban edng them kha nang Nhat de doa<br /> Lien minh Rhal^ B i n - Hnh..<br /> <br /> thudc dia Phihppines cua My khien thai dp 1. Tai k h i n g dinh sfl hdp tac Anh-Nhat<br /> ciia My chuyen tfl lo ngai sang ngay cang trong vide thuc hien cac cam ke't da dUdc<br /> thfl dich vdi ddng minh Nh^t-Anh. Trong neu tai dieu 1, 2, 5 va 7 trong hidp udc ky<br /> nhiem k^ cua tdng thdng mdi die cfl nam 1905 va de cap rd rang hdn vl pham vi<br /> W.H.Taft (1909-1913) vdi Ngoai trudng la khdng gian la duy tri quyen ldi va bao ve<br /> Philander C.Knox, do chiu anh hudng quan nhflng ldi ich dac biet cua mdi ben d khu<br /> diem cua William Straight - eflu tong lanh vflc Ddng A va An Dp (Ldi md diu, Dieu 1,<br /> sfl My d T h i m DUdng (Man Chau), Trudng 2, 3 va 5), quy dinh "chi'nh phu hai nfldc...<br /> ban Viln Ddng trong Bd Ngoai giao My se can nhic ap dung cac bidn phap thich<br /> trong vai thang tfl 1908-1909. ddng thdi hdp de bao vd nhflng quyen va ldi ich neu<br /> cung la ngudi cd moi quan hd than thiet vdi trdn" (Dilu 1),<br /> vua dfldng s i t My Harriman va gidi tfl ban 2. Bo sung cac dieu khoan: a) Ndu mdi<br /> tai chinh d New York, My thay ddi chinh ben ky ke't hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl vdi<br /> sach tfl "can b i n g quyen lUe" sang "chinh mpt cUdng qud'c thfl ba thi hiep udc do phai<br /> sach ngoai giao dd la" de kiem che tham khdng chfla dung cae dieu khoan b i t budc<br /> vpng cua Nhat d Vien Ddng. Ndi dung cd nude ky ke't phai tham gia vao cupc chien<br /> ban cua chinh sach mdi la: thdng qua quan tranh eung vdi cUdng qudc dUdc quy dinh<br /> he thfldng mai va khuye'n khich cac nha diu trong npi dung hiep Udc da neu (Dieu 4); b)<br /> tfl My cho nude ngoai vay qua dd md rdng ldi Hiep fldc ed hidu lUc ngay sau khi dUdc ky<br /> ich ciia My. Sau khi khdng nhflng khdng ket va cd hidu Iflc trong 10 nam (Dieu 6).<br /> thanh cdng trong ke' hoach ddi quyin mua<br /> Vide hidp fldc nay dUdc tai ky trUdc thdi<br /> va sau do "trung lap hda" cac tuyen dfldng<br /> diem hdt ban 4 nam trong bdi eanh cue<br /> elt thudc sd hflu cua Nga va Nhat Ban d didn b Viln Ddng va moi he gifla Nhat Ban<br /> Man Chau eho cac nha bang My va chau vdi cac qudc gia khac dien bidn phfle tap,<br /> Au (thang 10-1909) ma cdn day Nhat va dan xen cho thay rd tinh trang cang thing<br /> Nga lai gin nhau hdn b i n g hidp Udc ky kdo dai trong quan he Nhat-My va nd lUc<br /> ngay 4-10-1910 (18), cung vdi viec kien tri ciia Nhat nhim true xua't My khdi khu vUc<br /> thi^c hien y do xam nhap manh vao Man dUde dd" cap trong hiep Udc, mac dfl tren<br /> Chau, thach thflc ba quyen kinh td cua thflc te' hidp Udc trpng tai phan xfl ky gifla<br /> Nhat Ban va quyin ldi cua Nga, My tim My vdi Anh vao thang 8-1911 khdng dUdc<br /> each van dpng de dieu ehinh md'i quan he thflc thi do va'p phai sfl phan doi cua<br /> vdi Anh n h i m lam giam kha nang Anh Thfldng vien My.<br /> dflng v l phia Nhat trong xung dot Nhat-<br /> Sau khi Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nha't<br /> MJ. Bing chflng la nam 1911, My tie'n<br /> bung no d chau Au thang 8-1914, ca My va<br /> hanh dam phan vdi Anh (va Phap) ve viec<br /> Nhat Ban deu mudn ldi dung chidn tranh<br /> k^ kd't hiep fldc trpng tai phan xfl dfla tren<br /> de cung cd va md rdng dia vi cua minh d<br /> nguydn t i c "trpng tai khong gidi han"<br /> Trung Qud'c, dac bidt la d vung Man Chau.<br /> trong cae tranh cha'p gifla 3 cfldng qudc.<br /> Vide Nhat Ban tham gia khdi Hiep fldc (tii<br /> Tuy nhidn, khi qua trinh dam phan chfla<br /> thang 8-1914) la de thflc hien tham vpng<br /> di den hdi ke't thi ngay 13-7-1911, hiep udc<br /> phan chia pham vi anh hudng va xae lap vi<br /> ddng minh Nhat-Anh dUde gia ban vdi ndi<br /> the cua minh tren trfldng qud'c te. Muc dich<br /> dung:<br /> cua Nhat khi dflng ve phia Nga • Anh -<br />  Rghien cflu Lich sfr. so 7.2014<br /> <br /> Phap la mudn thdn tfnh eac lanh dia thudc nhau cho de'n khi Chien tranh the' gidi thfl<br /> Dflc d Trung Qud'c (Sdn Ddng) va b chau A - Nha't ke't thuc.<br /> Thai Binh Dfldng (cac dao Marshalls, Sau chien tranh, trong khi cac nfldc tu<br /> Carolines, Marianas). Nhan cd hdi cac nudc ban chau Au ke ca nhflng nfldc thang tran<br /> ban chid'n tranh b chau Au, Nhat md rdng deu suy yd'u, thi nfldc My ngay cang ldn<br /> pham vi anh hudng d Trung Qud'c va Vien manh nhd viec lam giau trong chid'n tranh.<br /> Ddng. Sau khi budc dan ra khoi cupc khung hoang<br /> V l phia My, tac ddng cua cudc chie'n 1920-1921, nen kinh te' My di vao dn dinh<br /> tranh the' gidi va vide nhflng ldi ich tai sdm hdn cac nfldc tfl ban khac va cd nhflng<br /> ehinh, cong nghiep phu thudc ngay cang bfldc phat trien manh me khi cae nfldc canh<br /> tang vao cac ddng minh chau Au da anh tranh vdi My van cdn trong tinh trang<br /> hudng tdi sii dilu chinh chinh sach doi khung hoang. Y thfle dfldc sfle manh eua<br /> ngoai cua My. Ngay 15-9-1914, My ky vdi minh, dudng hUdng quan trpng trong chinh<br /> Anh Dieu Udc cho sU tie'n bp eua hoa binh sach dd'i ngoai ciia My la theo dudi chu<br /> va dupe Qud'c hdi My thdng qua thang 11- trUdng md rpng anh hudng cua My, vUdn<br /> 1914. Chinh phu Anh, sau do, thdng bao vdi ldn lam ba chii the gidi. Nha't quan vdi<br /> Nhat rang Anh coi dieu fldc nay cd gia tri dudng ldi trdn, trong nhflng nam cudi<br /> tUdng tii nhu hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl va nhidm ky ciia Tong thd'ng Wilson (1913-<br /> vi vay tfldng thich vdi ndi dung die'u 4 cua 1921), My tfch cue chuin bi cho mpt chie'n<br /> Hidp Udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat. Chinh phii dich ldn n h i m chd'ng lai sfl banh trfldng<br /> Nhat cha'p nhan quan diem ciia Anh va ciia Nhat Ban. Chid'n dich dd dUde triln<br /> dieu do ddng nghia vdi viec Anh khdng cd khai theo 4 hUdng cd ban;<br /> nghia vu b i t budc phai dflng ve Nhat trong 1. Co' g l n g dilu chinh vide dau tu ciia<br /> cudc chien vdi My. Ta't nhien, tai thdi diem Nhat d Trung Qud'c trong khudn kho cac<br /> nay, nhflng npi dung trao doi tren khdng van ban dUdc ky ke't gifla eac thanh vien<br /> dfldc cdng bd' edng khai va eung khdng cd cua "to hdp bd'n cfldng qud'c mdi" (gdm My,<br /> bang ehflng eho tha'y mdt trong hai nfldc Anh, Phap, Nhat).<br /> thdng bao cho chinh phu My bie't ve quyet 2. Tham gia lien quan vidn ehinh do bp<br /> dinh nay (19). Vdi Anh, vide ky dieu ude vao Siberia nham ngan can y dd ciia Nhat<br /> ngay 15-9 eung khong cd nghia nUde nay tach cac tinh ven bien khdi sfl cai quan cua<br /> dflng ve phia My trong cac xung dot lpi ich nudc Nga.<br /> vdi Nhat Ban. Bing chflng la trUdc y dinh 3. Kien quye't gay ap luc buoc Nhat tra<br /> cua My ve dung ap luc tap the cua 3 nude Sdn Ddng cho Trung Qud'c.<br /> thanh vien khdi Hiep Udc la Anh, Phap va<br /> 4. Ky cac hiep Udc n h i m dien che eac<br /> Nga cung vdi My chd'ng Nhat, nhflng nudc<br /> nguyen t i e trong chinh sach Vidn Ddng cua<br /> nay cho r i n g trUde khi chie'n tranh ke't thue<br /> My.<br /> khong the lam cho quan he vdi Nhat phfle<br /> Viec My khdng dat dUdc cac mue tieu<br /> tap them. Day la mot trong nhflng tac dpng<br /> neu ra tai muc 1, 2 va 3 cpng vdi vide van<br /> ben ngoai, trong dieu kien Nhat chUa the<br /> de dao Yap va nhflng quyen ldi trfle tie'p<br /> dung vu luc de ehiem toan bd Trung Qud'c,<br /> eua My b Viln Ddng, Thai Binh Dfldng<br /> cdn My ban tham gia chien tranh (tU thang<br /> chUa dfldc giai quye't tai Hdi nghi Versailles<br /> 4-1917), My va Nhat da tam hda hoan vdi<br /> eung nhfl nhieu va'n khac ching ban va'n di<br /> Lien minh Rhat Bin - ?tnh...<br /> <br /> dan nhap cU, v^n de chay dua hai quan... nhu se bao vd nguydn t i c cd hdi ddng deu b<br /> da khien cho nhflng mau t h u i n mdi lai nay Trung Qudc va cac quyen hflu hieu hdn ciia<br /> sinh gifla My vdi Nhat Ban. Thflc te' la vdi Trung Qudc. Chung ta cung hy vpng r i n g<br /> hfldng thfl hai, vide vidn binh My ddng vai chu dich cua ddng minh Anh-Nhat khdng<br /> trd mpt luc lUdng ddc lap khdng nhiing phai n h i m vao My... Mac du it kha quan<br /> khdng nhan dUde sii hdp tac cua Anh va hdn nhung cd the dUa ra gpi y r i n g vi dinh<br /> Phap ma cdn khien My nhan thay r i n g My hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Nhat dudng<br /> chi la "ngfldi bi Ifla" trong ke hoach cua nhu khdng dn dinh, thdi ban cho ban hiep<br /> Anh-Nhat khid'n My quan tam manh me Udc mdi ndn la 5 nam, thay vi la 10 nam, de<br /> hdn tdi hiep udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat va chinh phu Anh cd cd hdi ngan ban hdn<br /> mudn hidp Udc nay dUdc sfla ddi theo hUdng trong vide gay anh hudng tdi hoat ddng eua<br /> cd the cha'p nhan dUdc vdi My. Nhat b Vien Ddng" va hy vpng rang "...<br /> Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1919-1920, trudc Anh se dap lai de nghi r i n g trong hiep Udc<br /> "tin ddn" la Anh va Nhat da b i t dau dam ddng minh Anh-Nhat, cac nguyen tic tao<br /> phan ve viec tie'p tuc gia ban hidp fldc ddng ndn nen tang ciia sU ddng cam hien hflu<br /> minh Anh-Nhat, dai sfl My tai London trong quan he hdp tac Anh-My se dUdc cdng<br /> nhan dupc chi thi phai "bao cao than trpng nhan mdt each dflt khoat hdn" (21).<br /> cho Bd Ngoai giao v l ta't ca nhflng thdng Trong nhiem ky tid'p theo eua Tong<br /> tin cd the thu th$.p dfldc vl didn trinh dam thd'ng Dang Cpng hda - W.Harding (1921-<br /> phan va quan dilm chung eua Anh ve va'n 1923), My tie'p tuc thiic hien muc tieu ed<br /> de nay. Bp Ngoai giao dac bidt mud'n bidt ban trong chinh sach eiia My vdi Nhat la<br /> lidu nfldc Anh cd xu hUdng mudn md rdng gat Nhat Ban ra khdi thi trfldng Trung<br /> hoac han che sU edng nhan nhflng lpi ich Qudc. Vide thiic hien muc tieu nay trd ndn<br /> dae bidt cua Nhat Ban d Ddng A hay mudn dac bidt quan trpng vdi My vi day la thdi ky<br /> sfla ddi pham vi hoac muc tidu cua Hiep quan he thUdng mai gifla My vdi Trung<br /> fldc ddng minh nkm 1911". Ben canh dd, Qude, quan dao Philippines, tham chi ca<br /> mpt cau hdi dupc dat ra cho Dai sfl Davis la Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My<br /> "cd ba't cfl can cfl nao cho gia dinh r i n g bi Nhat Ban de dpa nghiem trpng. Cd hai ly<br /> nfldc Anh ed 5^ dinh ldi dung dam phan dd do giai thich dilu nay:<br /> thuyet phue Nhat Ban tfl bd tuydn bo ve ThU nhdt, Nhat Ban khdng ngflng md<br /> nhflng ldi I'ch dac bidt d Trung Qud'c cung<br /> rdng anh hUdng tai Trung Qudc va Thai<br /> nhfl ddng ^ loai trfl Man Chau va Mdng Co<br /> Binh DUdng. Sau khi budc Trung Qudc<br /> ra khdi pham vi boat ddng cua lien minh<br /> cdng nhan Yeu sach 21 diem, tai Hdi nghi<br /> dii kien?" (20). Nhflng trao ddi tid'p theo<br /> hoa binh Versailles nam 1919, Nhat Ban<br /> gifla ngoai trfldng My va dai sfl My tai<br /> gianh dupc quyen thay Dflc chie'm ban dao<br /> London trong nam 1920 cho thay chinh phu<br /> Sdn Ddng va chiem gifl mot sd' dao tren<br /> My da cd nhflng dpng thai chfla tflng tha'y<br /> Thai Binh DUdng (Marshalls, Carolines,<br /> dd gdi y r i n g hiep fldc Anh-Nhat sd dUdc<br /> Marianas). Ben eanh dd, Nhat vin tie'p tuc<br /> sfla ddi nhu the nao de' phu hdp nha't vdi<br /> mong mudn ciia My. Ching han ndi dung duy tri sfl chie'm ddng d Siberia sau khi<br /> cdng didn ngay 10-5-1920: "Chung ta hy quan My da rut khdi day.<br /> vpng r i n g trong hiep Udc sfla ddi, nfldc Anh ThU hai, Nhat trien khai chUdng trinh<br /> sd kien quye't bd sung nhflng dieu khoan tang cUdng sfle manh quan sU, theo dd den<br />  Rghien eihi L|eh afr. so 7.2014<br /> <br /> gifla nhflng nam 1920, ham dpi Nhat d quan he vdi My va moi quan hd ddng minh<br /> Thai Binh Dudng se dUdc bd sung 16 chien vdi Nhat cd lidn quan tdi mpi va'n d l eua<br /> ham mdi. Vdi Iflc lfldng hai quan manh, khu viic Thai Binh Dudng ciing nhfl v^ii d l<br /> hien dai va dang chid'm gifl nhidu dao ed vi giai trfl Iflc lUdng hai quan va chi co mdt<br /> tri chie'n Ifldc tren Thai Binh Dudng, Nhat thda fldc gifla ta't ca cac cfldng quo'c cd lien<br /> Ban la mdi de dpa thudng xuyen va nguy quan mdi cd the giai quye't thda dang va'n<br /> hiem dd'i vdi vide duy tri va md rdng quan de nay. 2. Thai dd chdng lai vide tie'p tuc<br /> hd thUdng mai cua My vdi Trung Qud'c, duy tri quan he ddng minh vdi Nhat cua<br /> quan dao Philippines, Hawaii va vung bd cac lanh thd tu tri trong dd' ehe' Anh ma<br /> bidn phia Tay nUdc My. tidu bieu la chie'n dich truyin thdng tren<br /> Tiiih hinh do budc My phai tang cudng bao chi d i n dau bdi td Toronto Globe d<br /> Canada, quan diem cua Dang Lao ddng d<br /> sflc manh quan sU va thi hanh nhflng bidn<br /> Australia; 3. Ldi phan nan trong nhilu nam<br /> phap kidn quyet hdn chdng Nhat. Mot<br /> cua cac cdng dan Anh sinh sd'ng va budn<br /> trong sd dd la gay ap Iflc de hiiy bd lidn<br /> ban d Vien Ddng ve sfl canh tranh thfldng<br /> minh Anh-Nhat. Nhflng ngudi My cd tu<br /> mai cua ngUdi Nhat va nidm tin ciia hp<br /> tudng chd'ng lai lien minh nay phii nhan ldi<br /> r i n g Nhat Ban rd't cudc se xae lap sii thd'ng<br /> giai thich cua Nhat r i n g Anh va Nhat<br /> tri hoan toan trdn da't nudc Trung Quoc va<br /> khdng bao gid coi My la cudng qud'c de doa<br /> la mdt doi thu canh tranh ve kinh td' Nhat<br /> den nhflng quyen lanh thd va ldi ich dac<br /> Ban khdng the dap flng dly du tieu chuin<br /> Met ciia hp d Viln Ddng. Bao chi My nam cua mdt ddng minh v l ehinh tri (24); 4. Sfl<br /> 1921 h l u hdt deu ddng thanh ddi hdi cha'm phan dd'i cua chinh phu va ngudi dan<br /> dflt hidp Ude Anh-Nhat khi de'n thdi diem Trung Qud'c vdi hiep Udc ddng minh Anh-<br /> gia han vao thang 7-1921 (22). Khi chinh Nhat va he qua tai hai doi vdi ldi ich cua<br /> phu Anh tie'n hanh cae cdng viec chuin bi Anh d day ndu hiep Udc dd dUdc gia han.<br /> cho Hdi nghi dd qud'c td chflc vao mua He<br /> Ket qua la ngay 23-6-1921, Ngoai trUdng<br /> nam 1921, Dai sfl Anh tai My Geddes da<br /> My Hughes va Dai sfl Anh Geddes da ed<br /> gfli didn cho Ngoai trudng nUdc nay<br /> cupc hpi dam quan trpng ban ve hidp Ude<br /> Curzon, trong dd ndu quan diem cua My<br /> Anh-Nhat va tac ddng eua nd tdi quan he<br /> nhu sau: "Can nhd r i n g ngudi My cung<br /> Anh-My. Tai cudc hdi dam, Ngoai trudng<br /> nghi ve ngudi Nhat theo each ma nhieu<br /> My phat bieu ring: "khdng mudn bay td ba't<br /> ngudi Anh nghi ve ngUdi Dflc nam 1913<br /> cfl quan diem chinh thfle nao ve mpt va'n dd<br /> nhu la ke thu khdng tranh khdi cua cupc rd rang trong quan he gifla Anh va Nhat,<br /> chie'n tie'p theo, va quan diem ve sii hdp tae nhflng lUu y vdi dai sfl Anh r i n g ngUdi My<br /> Anh-Nhat ciing gid'ng nhu quan diem eua quan tam sau sic de'n va'n d l nay", "vdi tU<br /> nudc Anh ve su hdp tac My-Dfle thdi gian each ca nhan, dng cho rang ehi cd mdt<br /> dd" (23). ngudn gd'c nghidm trpng duy nha't cua<br /> Quan diem cua My cung vdi nhilu tae nhflng va'n de nan giai d Viln Ddng...<br /> nhan quan trpng khac da anh hudng manh Chi'nh phii My cd quan diem rat rd rang ve<br /> me tdi chinh sach ciia Anh. Dd la: 1. Su van de Vidn Ddng nhu da thUdng xuyen<br /> phat trie'n luong quan diem trong Nghi tuydn bd' va hy vpng r i n g Anh va My se ed<br /> vidn va bao gidi Anh r i n g vide gia han hiep cung quan diem cung nhu cd nhflng ldi ich<br /> ude ddng minh Anh-Nhat se lam td'n hai tdi tUdng ddng; Chinh sach ma ehinh phu My<br /> U&n minh fth&t Bin - ftah...<br /> <br /> theo dudi gdm chinh sach md cfla va sU cac thdi diem khac nhau, trong nhflng hoan<br /> toan ven lanh thd Trung Quoc va nay can canh khdng gidng nhau va xua't phat tfl<br /> cfl vao tinh hinh thuc tidn bao gdm ca sfl nhflng tinh toan ldi ich cd nhieu dilm khac<br /> toan ven lanh thd Nga". Ddng thdi bay td lo Met, tfl ngay 12-11-1921 dd'n ngay 6-2-<br /> ngai ring: "neii Anh va Nhat cd bai cii thda 1922, Hdi nghi qud'c te ban vl viec kiem<br /> thuan nao ma theo dd Anh ung hp cac ldi soat vu khi va td't ca cac van de cua Vien<br /> ich dac biet cua Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban ra't ed Ddng, Thai Binh Dudng vdi su tham gia<br /> kha nang, trong trfldng hdp dang quan ciia 9 nfldc My, Anh, Phap, Nhat, Italia, Bi,<br /> phidt n i m quyen, se chiem linh nhflng vi Ha Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c da dUde<br /> tri cd the gay ra lan sdng phan dm tfl chinh trieu tap tai thu dd WasMngton D.C cua<br /> phu My va trong trfldng hdp do, chinh phu My. Tai hdi nghi, ba hiep udc chinh da dUde<br /> My se cam tha'y g i n nhfl la ddn ddc... va vi ky kd't gdm:<br /> vay, nd'u thiic sU la chinh sach cua Anh 6 Hiep udc bd'n nUdc (Anh, Phap, My,<br /> Viln Ddng tUdng ddng vdi My thi Anh va Nhat) ky ngay 13-12-1921, theo dd cac ben<br /> My nen hdp tac vdi nhau va cd the My se thda thuan "tdn trpng quyen cua nhau ve<br /> tim tha'y sii ung hd hoan toan cua Anh eac dao d Thai Binh DUdng". Ndi each<br /> trong viec duy tri va thflc thi dilu do" (25). khac. My da lam giam mdi de dpa ciia<br /> Ngay 5-7, Ngoai trudng Anh Curzon gdi Nhat ddi vdi vide duy tri va md rdng quan<br /> J vdi dai sfl My tai Anh r i n g Tong thdng he thUdng mai cua My d cac dao tren Thai<br /> Harding nen mdi eac eudng qud'c ed lidn Binh DUdng va vung bd bien phia Tay<br /> quan trflc tie'p tdi cac va'n de d Thai Binh nUde My.<br /> Dfldng va Viln Ddng tdi tham dfl mdt hdi Hiep Ude chin nudc ky ngay 6-2-1922 vdi<br /> nghi de dat dfldc hieu biet chung ve kha quy dinh Anh, Phap, My, Nhat, Italia, Bi,<br /> nSng xoa bd sfl canh tranh hai quan. Ngay Ha Lan, Bo Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c cdng<br /> 8-7, dl nghi nay cua Anh dUdc Dai sfl My nhan nguydn t i c "hoan chinh ve lanh thd<br /> giii trong ban bao eao nhanh vd va tdn trpng chu quyin cua Trung Qude"<br /> Washington. Sau khi nhan dfldc bao cao, ddng thdi neu nguyen tic "md cfla" va "cd<br /> vao 4 gid chieu cflng ngay, chinh phu My hdi ddng deu" eho cac nfldc trong boat ddng<br /> gfli cdng ham tdi cae dai sfl Anh, Phap, thUdng mai va cdng nghiep trdn toan lanh<br /> Italia va Nhat Ban tai Washington de ed thd Trung Qud'c. Vdi hiep fldc nay, Mj da<br /> cSu tra ldi khdng ehinh thflc nhflng ro rang trdi tay Nhat Ban va hdp phap hda sfl banh<br /> ring lidu chinh phu nhflng nUdc nay cd trudng cua minh vao Trung Qudc, dieu ma<br /> ddng y de My mdi tham gia hdi nghi My khdng thuc hien dUdc d Hdi nghi<br /> Washington vl ban ehe vu trang hay khdng Versailles.<br /> (26). Ngay 9-7, sau khi nhan dUdc ldi gdi y Hiep fldc nam nfldc (Anh, Phap, My,<br /> cua Anh mdt ngay trUdc dd. My quye't dinh Nhat, Italia) ky cung ngay 6-2-1922, theo<br /> bd sung vao ke' hoach thao luan ban dau dd Anh phai tfl bd nguyen tic "sflc manh<br /> vide ban thao td't ca cac va'n d l cua Vidn quan sU gd'p ddi" da cd tfl nam 1914. Trpng<br /> Ddng, Thai Binh DUdng va d l xua't mdi tai tai chie'n cua cac nfldc d khu viic Thai<br /> Trung Qudc tham gia hdi nghi (27). Binh DUdng dUdc quy dinh theo ty Id: My<br /> va Anh ngang nhau - 525.000 ta'n, Nhat -<br /> Dfl cau tra ldi s i n sang tham gia hdi<br /> 315.000 ta'n, Phap va Italia bing nhau<br /> nghi cua nhflng nUdc cd hen quan dd'n vao<br /> 74 Rghien curu Lieh sil'. so 7.2014<br /> <br /> <br /> 175.000 ta'n. Vdi hidp ude nay. My vUdt eua minh b i n g each md dUdc cfla Trung<br /> Nhat Ban ve hai quan. Qudc, gianh quyin binh d i n g vdi cac nude<br /> Cd the ndi, mac du hidp ude ddng minh khac. Tfl day, hai quan My ngang hang vdi<br /> Nhat Ban-Anh khdng he dUde de cap trong Anh va VUdt qua Nhat. Trong kM dd, Nhat<br /> ldi mdi ehinh thfle ciia My gfli cac cfldng Ban hi suy giam sflc manh tren bidn, ddng<br /> qud'c cung khdng dfldc ban thao trong thdi phai cha'p nhan nhUdng bd trong van dd<br /> chUdng trinh nghi sU cua Hpi nghi Trung Qudc. NhQng sU kien nay khdng<br /> Washington, nhUng trdn thiic td', he thdng nhflng danh dau mdt chUdng mdi trong quan<br /> hidp Udc Washington da dat da'u cha'm het he My - Nhat Ban ma cdn lam nay sinh<br /> cho Mep udc Nhat - Anh, rdt cudc sup do vao nMeu va'n de trong quan he qud'c te d i n den<br /> ngay 17-8-1923. My da giai quye't quyin ldi CMd'n t r a n h thd' gidi thfl Hai.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (14). United States Department of State (1906), (20), (21). United States Department of State,<br /> Papers relating to the foreign relations of the Papers relating to the foreign relations of the<br /> United States with the annual message of the United States, 1920, Volume II, U.S. Government<br /> president transmitted to Congress December 3, Printing Office, 1920, p.679, 680-681.<br /> 1906, (In two parts). Part I, U.S. Government (22). Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The<br /> Printing Office, Washington, D C, p.177-180. Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,<br /> (15). Esthus, R. A. (1966), Theodore Roosevelt Pacific Historical Review, Vol, 6, No, 4 (Dec,<br /> and Japan, University of Washington Press, 1937), University of California, pp. 326, Source-<br /> Seattle, p.l26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877.<br /> (23). D i n theo Sydney Giffard, Japan among<br /> (16). Pratt, J. W., V. P. De Santis, et al. (1980),<br /> the Powers 1890-1990, Yale University Press, New<br /> A history of United States foreign policy, Prentice-<br /> Haven & London, 1994, p.59.<br /> Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, p.217.<br /> (24). Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The<br /> (17). United States Department of State (1908),<br /> Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,<br /> Papers relating to the foreign relations of the<br /> Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec,<br /> United States with the annual message of the<br /> 1937), University of California, pp. 327-328,<br /> president transmitted to Congress December 8,<br /> Source-http://www.j stor.org/stable/3633877.<br /> 1908, U S. Government Printing Office,<br /> (25). United States Department of State,<br /> Washington, D.C, p..511-512.<br /> Papers relating to the foreign relations of the<br /> (18). Noi dung cd ban ciia hiep udc nay la hai nudc United States, 1920, Volume II, U.S. Government<br /> Nga va Nhat tai khing dinh khu vUc anh huSng cua Printing Office, 1921, p.314-315.<br /> Nga hoang 5 Bic Man Chau va Ngoai Mong Co, va (26). United States Department of State,<br /> ciia Nhat la cf Nam Man Chau va Noi Mong Co theo Papers relating to the foreign relations of the<br /> noi dung ciia hiep dinh ngay 30-7-1907. United States, 1920, Volume 1, U S Government<br /> (19). Charles Nelson Spinks, The Termination Printing Office, 1921, p.18.<br /> of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Pacific Historical (27). United States Department nf State,<br /> Review, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec, 1937), University of Papers relating to the foreign relations of the<br /> California, pp. 323, Source- United States, 1920, Volume I, U.S. Government<br /> http://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877. Printing Office, 1921, p. 23<br />