Nghiên cứu xử lý dầu ăn thải làm nguyên liệu để tổng hợp dung môi sinh học

NGHIEN ClTU XlT LY OAU AN THAI LAM NGUYEN LIEU<br /> DE TONG HdP DUNG MOI SINH HOC<br /> D 6 T H I DIIIVI THUr, vu DO HdNG Dl/dNG^<br /> N G U Y I N K H A N H D I ^ U HdNG^<br /> 'Khoa Hda hpc - Dai hpc Quy Nhdn - ^Vietso Petro<br /> ^Khoa Cdng ngh§ Hda hpc - D$i hpc Bich khoa Hi Ndi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> SUMMARY<br /> Nowadays, scientists focus on bio-solvent in replacement of petroleum-based solvents because of<br /> their promising advantages such as environment friendliness and renewability. However precursors<br /> for the preparation of bio-solvent normally based on food oil, therefore make an impact on food security.<br /> This work introduce methods for treatment of wasted food-oil for the preparation of bio-solvent. These<br /> are cheap and available sources, not competitive with food industries.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> L DAT VAN DE<br /> <br /> Hign nay, xu hudng thay t h i dung mdi ddu khodng ngudn ndy thi se ndng eao dupe higu qud kinh t l vd<br /> bdng dung mdi sinh hpc Id mdt huPng di mang tfnh d p ddm bde an ninh lUPng thgc. Tuy vgy, ddu thdi ldn rd't<br /> thilt do ddu khodng ngdy cdng gidm tri? lupng vd gdy d nhilu tgp chit nhU: muO'i, nudc, die bigt hdm lupng axit<br /> nhiim mdi trudng. Thdnh phdn chfnh cua dung mdi sinh<br /> hpc Id alkyl este, dupe tdng hpp tif ddu md dpng thgc vgt, tg dp eao, khOng t h i sif dgng trgc tilp dgpc. COng trinh<br /> nhgng nggdn ddu md ndy gdp phdi khd khdn dc phdi ndy nhdm nghign cifg xif ly ddu an p h i thdi d l dgt tigu<br /> cgnh tranh vdi ngdnh thgc phlm. Diu dn thdi Id chudn Idm nguygn ligu cho qui trinh tdng hpp alkyl este.<br /> ngudn nguygn ligu ddng k l d nudc ta, nlu sif dgng Id tiln chit trcng dung mdi sinh hpe.<br /> <br /> <br /> II. THl^C NGHIEM<br /> <br /> 1. Xac d|nh m$t s6' chi tigu chS't \vi(fng cua Trong dd:<br /> diu in thai V: Sd ml dung djch KOH 0,1 N dung d l chuin dO.<br /> a) X&c dinli chi s6 axit (TCVN 6127 - 1996) C: Ndng dd chfnh xdc eiia dung djch chuin KOH da<br /> Cdn 1 - 2g ddu thdi vdo binh ndn 250ml thgm vdo sif dgng.<br /> dd 50ml C2H5OH ldc mgnh cho tan diu, trong trudng m: Lgpng mdu thif, tfnh bdng gam.<br /> hpp ddu khdng tan hit phdi vifa ldc vifa gia nhigt nhg<br /> trgn blp cdch thiiy. Sau khi diu tan hit d l v l nhigt b) X&c dinh chi so xii phdng (TCVN 6126 - 1996)<br /> dd 20''C. Cho vdd binh ndn 3 - 5 gipt chit chi thj can khodng 2g mdu thif vdo binh ndn 250ml. Diing<br /> phenolphtalein. Pha dung djch KOH 0,1 N trong pipet Id'y 25ml dung djch KOH 0,1 N trong etanol eho<br /> C2H5OH d l chuin dd hdn hpp trgn. Tiln hdnh chuin vdo binh ndn chifa mdu thif. Tilp tgc eho vdo dd mOt<br /> dO eho tdi khi dung djch xud't hign mdu hdng nhgt, vd ft chit trp sdi. Ndi bd sinh hdn vdi dgng cg dun ndng<br /> khdng mdt mdu trong vdng 30 gidy. Chi sd axit dupc rdi dun sdi tif tif, khuly nhg trdng thdi gian 1 - 2 gid.<br /> xdc djnh theo cdng thifc: Sau khi kit thiic dun ndng d l hdn hpp vg nhigt dd<br /> phdng. Sau dd cho thgm vdo binh ndn 3 - 5 gipt phe-<br /> v^56,1.V.C ,; nplphtalein vd chuin dO vdi dung djch HCI 0,1 N din<br /> m -•• . ' khi mdu hdng cua chit chi thj biln mit.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hoa hpc & Lfng d u n g<br /> 5*" 19 (io3)/2oog ceo<br />  /<br /> <br /> Tiln hdnh chuin dd dung mOi trdng (khOng che diu V2: Thi tfch dung djch natri thiosunfat chuin da sif<br /> thdi vdo) vdi cdc budc nhu trgn. dgng cho mdg thif, ml.<br /> Chi sd xd phdng dUpc xdc djnh theo cdng thifc: m: Khdi lupng mdu thif, gam.<br /> (Vo-Vi).C.56,1<br /> e) XAc dinh hiim lUdng t^p chit cd hpc<br /> m<br /> Lly mOt lupng diu nhlt djnh (m,) dem Ipc bdng gily<br /> Trong dd: lpc (da bilt trudc khd'i lgpng), sly khO gily lpc, cdn Igi<br /> Vo: Ld t h i tfch dung djch chuin HCI da sif dgng eho gily lpc cd chifa cdn rdn, tfnh dupc lupng cdn thg dupc<br /> mdu trdng, ml. trgn gily Ipc (mz). Ham lupng cdn rdn dupe tfnh theo<br /> cdng thifc:<br /> V,: Ld thg tfch dung djch chuin HCI dd sif dgng eho<br /> mdu thif, ml.<br /> C= (^)x100%<br /> C: Ld ndng dp chfnh xdc cua dung djch HCI, mol/lft. m,<br /> m: Ld khdi lupng miu, gam.<br /> g) Xac dinh dd nhdt ddng hgc<br /> c) Xiic dinh hiim lU0ng nudc<br /> Ngp miu ddu thdi vdo nhdt k l din 2/3 bdu Idn. Dl<br /> Cdn 5g miu diu thdi vao eO'e thiiy tinh da sly khd dn nhigt trong vdnj 20 phut. Sau dd bdng cdch hOt<br /> vd da bigt trudc khdi lupng. Dem sly d nhi$t dd 120°C hodc diy d l dua mdu din vj trf cao hon vgeh do ddu<br /> din khdi lupng khOng ddi, sau 40 phiit can ldn ddu, sau tign khodng 5mm trong nhdnh mao qudn eiia nhdt kl.<br /> 20 phiit can Igi. Khd'i lUpng dupe coi Id khdng ddi khi hai<br /> Khi mdu chdy tg do, do thdi gian chdy (bdng gidy) tif<br /> ldn can khdng Igch nhau qud 0,005g.<br /> vgeh thif nhlt din vgeh thif hai. Tfnh kit qua: V = CL<br /> Ham lupng nudc vd cdc chit bay hPi dupe tinh thee<br /> Vdi: V: DO nhdt dOng hpc dupc tfnh bdng cSt.<br /> cdng thife:<br /> C: Hdng sd nhdt k l mmVs^<br /> (m, - m 2 ) x 1 0 0<br /> N= t: Thdi gian chdy, s.<br /> m<br /> Trong dd: h) Xiic dinh ty trgng (ASTM - D1298)<br /> m: Khd'i lupng miu thif, gam. Che miu cin do vao O'ng dong, sgch khO. Cho phii<br /> m,: Khdi lupng miu thif vd cd'c d n truPc khi sly, gam. k l vdo d l do, chii y sao cho phii k l khdng ehgm vdo<br /> thdnh cua d'ng ddng. Khi phij k l hodn todn d trgng thdi<br /> m2: Khd'i lupng cd'c vd mdu sau khi sly, gam.<br /> cdn bdng md nhigt dO ciia miu thf nghigm chi dao dgng<br /> d) XAc dinh chJsd'id't (TCVN 6122, 1996) 0,5°C thi ta dpc kit qud theo mgp tilp xiie giOa mjt<br /> chd't Idng vd thang chia dO ciia phu k l . Dpc nhigt dg<br /> Cdn 0,3 - 0,5g miu cho vdo binh dung tfch 500ml, chfnh xdc din 0,5°C trudc vd sag khi dpc vgeh chia trgn<br /> cho thgm 20ml dung mOi d l hda tan mdu. Thgm chfnh<br /> thang phii k l . Trung binh cdng cua hai gid trj trgn dupc<br /> xdc 25ml thud'c thif Wijs, dgy ndp vd ldc mgnh, d|t<br /> binh trong bdng td'i 1 gid. Tuang tg chuin bi mOt mau coi Id nhigt dd ciia phep de. Kit qud dpc dupc trgn<br /> thif trdng vdi dung mdi vd thude thif nhung khdng cd thang phti k l Id ty trpng cua chit Idng.<br /> miu thif.<br /> i) Xac djnh hiim lugng mu6i dn (TCVN 3973 - 84)<br /> Cho thgm 20ml Kl vd 150ml nudc vdo mdi binh.<br /> Chuin dO bdng dung djch natri thicsunfat che din khi Cdn 1 - 2g ddu thdi vdp binh ndn 500ml thgm vdo<br /> gdn mit hit mdu vdng ciia id't. Thgm mdt vdi gipt dung dd 50ml C2H5OH lie mgnh cho tan dig, trong trgdng<br /> djch hd tinh bOt vd chuin dO che din khi mau xanh hpp dig khdng tan hit phdi vifa ldc vifa gia nhigt nhg<br /> bien md't. trgn blp cdch thiiy. Sau khi diu tan hit d l vg nhigt dg<br /> Chi sd id't dupc xdc djnh thee cdng thifc: phdng, cho thgm 25ml etanol khan. Dun hdn hpp trgn<br /> blp each thuy vd cho thim 25ml dung djch K2H2Sb207<br /> 12,69.C.(V2 - V,) vifa cho vifa khdy trdn, khi thiy kit tua tgo thdnh thi<br /> IH<br /> m che nhanh hon. O l ygn d nhigt dd phdng 1 gid rdi Ipc<br /> kit tiia, diing etanol rifa kit tua 7 ldn. Hda tan kit tiia<br /> Trong dd:<br /> bdng 8ml HCI dde, thgm nuPc elt din 50ml. Cho vdo<br /> C: Ndng dd chfnh xdc ciia dung djch natri thiosunfat l g tinh t h i Kl d l ygn trong 5 phiit rdi chuin dO bdng<br /> chudn da sif dgng, ml. Na2S203 cho din khi dung djch ed mdu vdng nhgt, thgm<br /> V,: The tfch dung djch natri thiosunfat chuin dd sif 5ml chd't ehi thj hd tinh bdt 0,5% lie diu vd tilp tgc<br /> dgng cho mdu trdng, ml. chuin cho din khi dung djch hit mdu.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Hoa hpc & Ung dung<br /> O)) Si 19 (103)120og<br />  Kit qud hdm lupng mudi dn tfnh theo cOng thifc sau: cdn rdn cd kfch thude b l , vd ed mud'i an bj lin vao luc<br /> chign thgc phlm, va cud'i ciing Id sly khd nudc.<br /> V.N.(^) Nhu vdy, sau khi Ipc bdt tgp chit ep hpc diu dupe xif ly<br /> M = {- (x100% nhu sau:<br /> m Chp 200ml ddu an p h i thdi vdo cd'c cd dung tfch<br /> Vdi: M: Hdm lgpng mudi trpng mdu ddu, % khdi lupng. 500ml. Ddu dupe gia nhigt lgn din 60''C vd ed khuly<br /> trdn nhg. Sau dd chd dung djch NaOH vdi lupng dupc<br /> V: Thg tfch Na2S203 tigu tO'n khi chuin.<br /> tfnh todn theo ehi sd axit ciia ddu vd ndng dd nhlt djnh.<br /> N: Ndng dd dUdng lupng eiia Na2S203 chuin. Tiln hdnh khuly trdn nhg trong 15 phiit, duy tri phdn<br /> m: Lupng miu diu dem thif. ifng d OO^C. Che vdo hdn hpp phdn ifng 20ml dung djch<br /> NaCI 10%, vd ngifng khuly trdndg tgc digu kign eho<br /> 58,5 ^ ji ' ^<br /> d n xd phdng ldng nhanh. D l hdn hpp phdn ifng tdch<br /> — ! - : Hg sd chuyin sang khOi lupng mudi NaCI.<br /> pha trcng Ih. Sau dd tdch bd pha ndng gdm nudc, xd<br /> phdng vd cdn rdn be, rdi rifa lgi nhigu lin bdng nudc d t<br /> Z.XO'Iydluanthai ndng d l Icgi bd hdan todn lupng NaOH du, vd mud'i an.<br /> COng dogn xif ly ddu thdi gdm cdc bude: Ipc tdch cdc Ddu sau khi rifa dem ehung tdch nudc thu dupc ddu<br /> tgp chit CO hpc; trung hda axit bgo tg de; rifa ddu sau trung tfnh. Kg't qud phgn tfch diu an thdi trudc vd sau<br /> trung hda, d l ldng vd chiit tdch nhdm logi bd xd phdng, xif ly dupc dua ra d bing 1 vd bing 3.<br /> <br /> <br /> III. KET QUA VA THAO LU^N<br /> 1. Cdc chi ti&u ky thuSt cua diu dn phS'thai phdi tiln hdnh xif ly ddu thdi d l Idm gidm chi sd axit<br /> trtfdc khi xuf ly eua nd xudng dudi 1 mg KOH/gam ddu.<br /> Ddu thdi chua xif ly cd chd't lupng kgm, mdu sIm,<br /> 2. Cac yd'u td' anh hifcfng de'n qua trinh \vl ly<br /> thdnh phdn ed nhilu axit bgp khdng no, dd nhdt cao,<br /> cdn nhigu tgp chit cd hpc, lin nhigu mud'i an, d$c bigt<br /> diu thai<br /> Id ed nhigu axit bid tg de. Sd ligu cg t h i d bing 2. a) Anh hudng cua tiic nhiin trung hoii di'n hi$u<br /> sua't t^o diu trung tfnh vk chi $6' axit<br /> Tif bdng sd ligu trgn thiy rdng: Hdm lupng tgp chit<br /> cd hpc cac, lupng mudi dn nhilu, chi sd axit Id 3,4mg Cdc tdc nhan trung hoa dupe diing Id: Na2C03, NaOH,<br /> KOH/gam diu tuy nhd hdn cdc logi diu thgc vgt khdc KOH ndng dO 4%. Phdn ifng trung hod tiln hdnh trong<br /> nhung vin chua dii dilu kign d l Idm nguygn ligu d l ciing digu kign, ciing nhigt dO nude rifa vd sd ldn rifa,<br /> tdng hpp alkyl este 1dm dung mdi sinh hpc. VI t h i ta kg't qud dupc dua ra d hinh 1 vd hinh 2.<br /> <br /> <br /> 95<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> •