Ngôn ngữ trần thuật và ý thức phê bình nam quyền trong truyện ngắn

Si9(239)-2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> 91<br /> <br /> rJGON NGO" VOI VAN CHLTmol<br /> <br /> NGON N G f TRAN THU>^T<br /> VA Y THU'C PHE BINH NAM QUYEN<br /> TRONG TRUY^IN NGAN "VU DIJU DIA NG^C"*<br /> THE DISCOURSE AND AWARENESS OF MALE C^HAUVMISM' CRITICISM<br /> IN THE V0DI$UDIA<br /> <br /> NGUC<br /> <br /> H O A N G DI DINH (HUANG YITING)<br /> (PGS.TS; 8 f i hpc Ngof1 ngfi- ngofi thvong Quing SSng, Trung Quic)<br /> Abstract: Vo TU Hao, a "rebelled" writer, has been contributing a lot to Vietnamese<br /> modem literature by creating short stories m her own style. The Dance in the Hell (Vi diiu dia<br /> ngyc) is such a case to potot Infliispaper. The Dance in the Hell will be analyzedfiomflie<br /> aspects of the narrative discourse. It aims to demonstrate the writer's means and purposes of<br /> story creation through analyzing some plots wiiere narrator types change.<br /> Key words: Vo TU Hao; Vi diiu dia ngyc; Narratorial discouise; Male Chauvimsm<br /> (Mticism.<br /> 1. Vfi Thj Hio, mft trong nhftng cly biit cho ngudi dpc vi mft clu chuyfn mi "tfii" da<br /> nft nii fling trfn vfin din Vift Nam nhitng timg trii. Vi cQng chfnh cii sy quii din dd da<br /> nim 80, 90 etta thi kl XX, dii ddng gdp cho lim cho ngudi dpc tto tudng iing tmyfn mi<br /> nin vfin hpc Vift Nam Ufn dfi mpt si lupng "tfii" s8 ki li tmyfn cd thft<br /> ding ki nhftng trang tmyfn mang phong cich<br /> "Tfii" trong tmyfn li mft nam thanh mfn,<br /> rifng cda mlnh li "khfing ua sy If thufc", ki vi clu chuyfn vi quan hf gifta "tfii" vi<br /> "ning"<br /> trong "kU iy" - df bin nfim trudc,<br /> "khfing flifch lii mdn". Bdi flii, bi dupc<br /> ngudi ddi phong tfng mpt vuong mifn li nhi kU "tfii" mdi 19 tuoi:<br /> vin nft tiifch "tfo ra sy khic bift". Tmyfn<br /> 1. Ndngratrudng trudc tdi bin nim. 7oi<br /> n ^ Vi diiu dia ngyc li mft tiong nhitng tic nhd ngiy sfip mfin khda, ndng td ra hoang<br /> phim *tfo ra svi khic bift" ciia bi. Bii viit mang, nhu linh cim mft tai hpa dang sfip fp<br /> niy tiip cfn tmyfn ngfin Vi diiu dia ngyc ttt tdi. Mfit ndng nhin nhu vfi hin, nUiu kU ^<br /> khfa cfnh ngdn ngit ngudi trdn thudt, phin tdi mi ning khfing hi bdng tiiiy 161 Tdi<br /> tich nhftng tlnh hufing cy thi vi vifc thay dii<br /> kiiu ngudi trin thuft, nhfim thi Ufn phuong<br /> Vfy mi trong Idng "tfii" vin lufin cd<br /> lupc vi myc dfch ciia tic gii tmyfn ngfin niy. "ning":<br /> 2. Mfc dtt vfy, tdi khfing ngMt&a ai ngoii<br /> Tmyfn ngfin VS diiu dfa ngyc md min<br /> vdi mft clu bfc bfch gin nhu hoi hfn vi bj ndng. Vi khfing biit ty liic nio, tfii ett ddng<br /> im inh siu nfng cda ngudi trin fliuft ngfii dinh trong diu j/ nghi: cM cin binSic mft budc<br /> thtt nhit xung '|tfii": "Tdi dn Ignh todn thdn vi phfa ndng ndng sS d trpnfixingvdng tay<br /> Idii nghi din cdu vdng'. Ciu ving vin dpp tdt<br /> Ldi ki tren cua "tfii" cho thiy, hinh nhu<br /> biy sfic vi huyin hofc nay dfi bi!rfliinhmft<br /> ic mfing dii vdi "tfii", bdi vl nd lien quan dfa **tfii" vi *iiing" cd quan hf gl vila rit xa If Ifi<br /> si phfn cda hai ngudi din bi khin nfn. Sy vira rit gin giii. *Tfii" chii ^ nUiu dfa<br /> md diu "quii din" niy da giy in tupng mfnh "ning", cdn "ning" tU khfing miy chii y dfa<br /> <br /> 92<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> Si9(239)-2015<br /> <br /> "tfii". Chlnh diiu dd di lim cho "tfii" nhd dai t&itynhi: "Phdi thi tdt nghiip rdi mdi chit!"<br /> vi ning. C^g chinh vi dang "ki" Ifi, ndi Thi Id tdi dd ty thd tdi xdng ra khdi cdi chit<br /> dung hon li "nhd" Ifi nhfing clu chuyfn etta cia ndng.<br /> '^i", nen kU trifa khai tmyfn, "toi" am Uiu<br /> Nhfhig tim If phttc tfp nhu "hdn", "dau<br /> vi nhftng tim tu tlnh cim, nhfing tam li kl If khi", "muin chft", "ty flii" (ttt, clu in<br /> ciia "toi", nim bfit dupc nhftng thay doi nhd ngUfng d fi^) tttng budc mft kfo Ifn tim<br /> nhoi cua tam li "tfii". Di di vio tmyfn, ngudi min etta mft d u chuyfn bi Uim chfnh nhu<br /> fi^ fliuft da mieu ti rit ti ml tim If etta "tfii" tin tmyfn etta nd. Vi ngudi dpc cflng biit<br /> mli kU nhlntiiaycUic ciu ving. Vi nhftng mft sy thft li "ning" da chit Nhung tfi sao<br /> clu vin mifu ti tim li dd ^ cUim hai bf "tfii" cd nhfing tim If iy, "ning" chit nhu flii<br /> phfn (trong tit ci 8 bp phfn, cUa theo diu nio vi vl cii gl, ngudi dpc vin chua thi thn<br /> sao*) etta tmyfn.<br /> fliiy clutoiIdi.<br /> Trong phin md diu tmyfn, ngudi trin<br /> Vdi sy md min nhu thi, "tfii" da fliinh<br /> thuft vin chua di vio vifc mifu ti cy thi vi cfing din dfit ngudi dpc budc vio clu chuyfn<br /> sytinh,vi "ning", nhimg sy im inh mfnh cda "tfii" vi ciing trii ngUfm nhitng dudng<br /> me cua "tfii" dii vdi cUic ciu ving da dupc ddi, nhitng tinh cinh mi *'tfii" dfi tfmg trii.<br /> ngudi trin thuft ki Ifi nhu sau:<br /> Ti^ theo, ngudi fi^ thuft ki Ifi, ti Ifi hofc<br /> 3. Tfii dn Ifnh toin fliln kU nght din ciu nhd Ifi nhitng ^ "tfii" da nUn fliiy, nghe<br /> ving. 6n Ifnh kU tudng thiy nhiingflaning thiy, phyc hii Ifi nhftng g) "tfii" dfi tttng lim<br /> ving khf lao qua min mua. Khi dd, nging dudi mft tim tifng cd chut hii hfn, ding flidi<br /> nhln thttdng dd thdy nhftng cUic ciu ving ciing cd chdt ciu may.<br /> biy miu cdng lung tifn trdi.<br /> Theo II fliuyit etta fi^ fliuft hpc, khi<br /> Trong clu tren, ttt "tudng' & phin inh rit ngudi trin thuft xuit Ufn ttong vfin bin vdi<br /> cy flii tim If cda "tfii" vi ciu ving: khfing tu cich li mpt ngudi dang ki vi nhftng sy<br /> phii nhto thiy thft sy mi cU tudng tupng tlnh ciia bin thin mlnh, tU Ittc dd, chfnh<br /> dfa thSi tU cung dl cd nhfing Ufa Ufn mfinh ngudi trin thuft dfi dupc nhln cich hda li<br /> lift vi smh li li "dn Ifnh", chua ki dfa kU di mft ci nhlnfixingtmyfn. Nhftng fi^ fliuft<br /> thft sy nUn thiy cUic ciu ving. Song, ciing etta mft ci nhln lufin mang dfm sic thii tu ttt<br /> flift thin kl, moi kU hi cd cii cim giic dn trong vifc trin thuft NUeu khi, mft ngudi<br /> Ifnh tU biufiMIfi xuit Ufn ngay cUfa ciu fifa thuft - nhln vftfliudnghay "myfn bi"<br /> ving flift!<br /> ring nhftng gl dfng dupc ki li sy thft fi'im<br /> Vdi nhftng clu mieu ti tifn, qua nhfing phin trim. Nhitng sy tinh dang dupc bin<br /> hoft dfng tim 11 mfnh mS nhu vfy, ngudi thuft cd diing vdi sy thft, cd phii li hu ciu<br /> dpc khfing thi khfing tto ring diy li mft clu hay khfing, chung ta cd thi nim bit qua ngi<br /> nghta etta nhttng ttt ngft dugic dttngtoongqui<br /> chuyfn thft vi nd da xiyratrong ddi "tfii".<br /> Tiep theo, vin nhfhig dofn vfin mifu ti trinh trin thuft etta ngudi trin fliuft<br /> tim If cda "tfii". Ngudi t ^ fliuft dfi mfnh tay<br /> Trong cic vf dy 1 - 3 d trfn vi 8 - 9dudi<br /> bfc bfch vi mi xd tim If etta mlnh:<br /> diy, ngudi dpc bit gj^ nhfingtitngfi bifa flij<br /> 4. KU iy, tdi, mdt ke hin, sS ldi vio nhi ^ nhfn thttc, nhfn djnh, ^ nght ciia ngudi nhu<br /> "nhd", "ngU", "mudng tupmg", "tiifu dft".<br /> nhu mft con chuft chui vi diragiudng.<br /> 5. (jid diy, tdi pU bing sy hpc. Tdi dau Nghta li, ngudi fi^ thuft "tfii" dang phffc<br /> Hid vi dd chdt Id m$t ke "cd hgc "- nhu ngudihSi Ifi nhftng gj "tfii" ditiinglim trong mft<br /> tim trfng vCra thudngflittcvtta ngfim n ^<br /> ta thudng ndi.<br /> 6. ... Dit sich, iy li tfii mudn chit flieo hon li hoi hfn. Hifa nUfn, ngudi dpc dl cim<br /> ning... Nhung vin li kf hfn, tfii hofin chit. nhfn dupc sy tin tfi cda ngudi bin fliuft<br /> <br /> Si9(239)-20IS<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG<br /> <br /> 93<br /> <br /> ngfiitiittnhit xung "tfii". Bdi vi trong fliiyfn, chfnh mlnh bj xuc phfm" kU nghe thiy hing<br /> "tfii" khfing bd qua nhfing co hfi bfc bfch di phi xl xio vi nine. Qua nhitng y nght viin<br /> chttng td clu chuyfn niy li cd thvic, di giinh vdng cua '*tfii" doi vdi "ning", ngudi dpc<br /> liy sy dong cim etta ngudi dpc. Nhftng clu vf nhfn biit dupc "tfii" li mpt ching trai nhu thi<br /> dy ben da chfing td dilu iy. Vin di niy lifn nio (nhu cic vf dy 2, 6, 9,10). Mft mft, cho<br /> quan dfa vai trd ciia ngudi trin thuft KU dtt "tfii" mdi cU cd 19 tuii, cho dtt "tfii" nhut<br /> trlnh biy din khii nifm vi ldi ndi cua ngudi nhit, "tfii" kd hdn, chua cd titng bii gJ vi<br /> trdn thtidt (narratorial discouise), Jacboson da cufc ddi, nhung "tfii" vin yfu "ning". Mft<br /> khfing djnh ring, mftfixingnhftng vai trd ciia khic, "tfii" li mpt ngudi cd vj tri xi hfi cao<br /> nd li thuyit phyc, ttte nhfing ldi ndi etta hon "ning" ("tfii" dpp trai, "toi" con nhi<br /> ngudi tirin fliuft phii lim sao thuyit phyc giiu, *t6i" kd cd hpc... "ning" con nhi<br /> dupc ngudi tiip nhfn trin thuft tto tudng 6 nghfo...), "tfii" cho rfing "ning" li etta "tfii",<br /> mlnh. Di dft dupc myc dfch niy, ngudi tiin "tfii" yfu "ning" li fliii In huf dii vdi<br /> thuft s6 dfuig mpi hlnh thttc, hofc suy lufn vi *'ning". Vdi nhftng quan nifm nhu vfy, kU<br /> Ifigic, hofc kfu gpi bfing ttoh cim tUit tha, "tfii" ki Ifi chuyfn cda "tfii" vi cua "ning",<br /> hofc mifu ti mft cich hpp tlnh hpp If vi gipng tiin fliuft cua "tfii" da mang miu sfic<br /> hoin cinh, nhln vft vi tim If nhln vft, v.v.<br /> cda tu tudng nam quyfa phong kifa Cic clu<br /> TrongfiiiyfnVi diiu dfa ngyc, nhftag clu bfc bfch cua "tfii" nhu "yfu ning, dd dfi li<br /> vin, dofn vfin mifu ti vi tim If ciia "tfii" nght mft vifc lim gin nhutitfliifn"hay "Dtt nhttt<br /> vi "ning" vi chfnh mlnh (nhu cic vf dy 1-6 d nhit, tfii vin nght ning sinhraIi di cho tfii",<br /> bfn vi 8-9 dudi diy), trong clu chuyfn gifia "ning sg d tppn trong vdng tay tfii"... thi Ufn<br /> "tfii" vi "ning", trong tlnh cinh hii tudng vi i3 difu dd.<br /> "ning" da cMim bifn df rit Idn cda tiuyfn.<br /> Nhftng phin tich trfn cung cho tiiiy mft<br /> Xm dpcflipnhftng vi dy dudi diy:<br /> "sy thft" Uin nUfn, cii gpi li "chuyfn ttoh"<br /> 7. Ngiy ngiy tfii kiidng trdng thdy ding gifta "tfii" vi "ning" cU li chuyfn tlnh don<br /> ngUfng ngUfng mim mfi nhu li tdc flfn phuong do "tfii" tudng tupng ra mi thfii.<br /> tifn cUec xe dfp miu xim xto nfia.<br /> CUnh "tfii" eitog datinhngp vi tttng flii If<br /> 8. Nhu thi, nghla Id ning dang ngii nhi. difa dd qua ldi bfc bfch. Sau kU "tfii" da<br /> Ning ngU chd vifc sau kU ra tiudng. Tfii budc mft budc vi pUa "ning", td Idng vdi<br /> mudng tugng, sau vii thing ngU ngoi, da "ning" vi bjtitchii: "Tfii sitng sit nhto flieo<br /> ning s5 cing trfing muit vi mim cudi vu vo. ning, roi ng/irlfi:fihay! Toi dfi ngd vdi ning<br /> Nhfing suy tudng vi ning ciia '*tfii" mang ldi nio diu mi cd quyfa ghen Ida chtt!"<br /> dfm miu sic chtt quan cda mft ching trai 19<br /> Vi hlnh nhu bj chfa thuong mfnh sau con<br /> tuii vfta nhut nhit Ifi vita tio tpn:<br /> bj cy tuyft, "tfii" ft mifu ti vi nhftng hoft<br /> 9. Tfii... thiu dit rit nUfa vifa inh. Dtt dfng tim If "nhd, ngbl^ mudng tupng..." ciia<br /> nhut nhit, tdi vdn nght ndng sinh ra Id di cho rifng "tfii" nfta, mi chuyfa sang (bfit diu tit<br /> 161. Gia dtoh tfii khi gii, khfing ua tfii liy vp phin thtt biy) mieu ti nhftng cinh vft, nhitng<br /> Ufa Ufn etta ngudi chung quanh "tfii" - mifu<br /> nghio.<br /> 10. VI ning nghfo mi. £>pp tiai nhu tfii, ti nhftaig ^ "tfii" nhtoflmyhon li nhttng gl<br /> con nhi giiu. Yiu ndng dd dd Id mdt viic •tfii" nght ra. Ve sy chuyfa Ufa dd, "tfii" di<br /> vifn cd vi tnit bd hit mpi trich nUfm sang<br /> lim gdn nhu ti thlin<br /> Dudng nhu ngudi dpc da dupc thuyit bfn "ning": "Mfttiiin,rii ba tuin qua di. VI<br /> phyc ling "tfii" yfu "ning" dfa miii; bd mfc hdn gi4n, toi chua sang gfp ning".<br /> tit ci. NUiu lin, "tfii" da "dinh ghen" nhu<br /> Sau dd, "tfii", ngudi trtn thuft - nhln vft<br /> ngudi dang yfu vi "nm Ifn gifn dit, nhu chinh trong tmyfn dfi ty hoin thinh sy<br /> <br /> 94<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> Si9(239)-2015<br /> <br /> chuyfa bifa vi vai ngudi trin thuft: ttt Ngitdi ttt dupc to ngUfng fixing nhftog dofn trich<br /> trdn thugt ding bin trong Irwin ddng vat fiin da tii Ufn mft cich chin thycflnhcinh<br /> nhdn vdt chlnh dfa Ngttdi trdn thudt ding liic "ning " ty bdy. Cimg vdi sy biin dii vi<br /> bin trong truyen dong vai ngudi quan sdt. vai, ttt nhln vft chinh etta tmyfn sang ngudi<br /> Hiy xem cic dOfn bich sau diy:<br /> quan sit ditng bfn li etta tmyfa, gipng ki cda<br /> 11. Hfim iy, mua roi, tfii bSng thdy bfn ngudi trin fliuft "tfii" Ittc niy cfing da fliay<br /> nhi ning xdn xao. Ngudi chfy ra chfy vio doi hfin. Ngudi trin thuft khfing cdn mieu ti<br /> hdt hdi.<br /> ti ml vi hoft dfng tim If cda "tfii" vdi gipng<br /> 12. Toi hdi hd nhio sang. Dung rii. Mp ki trim Ifing nhu miy phin trudc, ngudi dpc<br /> ning bj ngit. Bi nfim Ifng phfictafngiudng. khfing cdn dpc thiy gipng vita cd phfa kilu<br /> Miy bi may cfi kd dang xoa ngyc, ngudi rdi ngfo vi gia thi cung nhu uu thi etta "tfii",<br /> vtta cd phfa thuong tifa, iy niy vi cii chit<br /> rit hii gpi hon hi.<br /> 13. Nhung d trong nhi, phfa bi nude, cdn etta "ning" d ngudi trfa thuft, cU thiy gipng<br /> dfing ngudi hon. Tfii thdy mft fing bic st to ki ciia ngudi tran thuft ngoii sy ngfc nUfn<br /> bdo, mft tdi xanh ttt trong nhi budc ra, khoit vin cU ngfc nUfn mi thfii. Thinh thoing,<br /> gipng ki ciia ngudi trfa fliuft cdn rit myc<br /> tay vd tuyit vgng.<br /> 14. Tfii thdn trgng budc vio phdng tfim btohfliihvl da chd ^ din nhfingfliaydii rit<br /> kiiu ci - vft cdn Ifi duy nhit gpi nhd ring cU tiit tiong mft hoin cinh rii lofn mi mpi<br /> chtt nhan nd ngiy xua von li ddng qu^ phii. ngudi dang bj bit ngd vi kinh khung: "Vi<br /> d id dang dfng ngudi. Ngudi ta dang chdm qua ciinh cia gtd ddy al dd md rdng, tfii nhin<br /> chdm nhto cii ^ dd. Vi thft If, hoin toin im thdy ta()t cfa ving nggo nghi di biy miu<br /> Idng, dfa ci mft flfag flid mfnh cung khfing trfntidi".<br /> nghe thiy.<br /> Diim xuyit trong nhftog mifu i& vi hoin<br /> 15. KU dd, ngoii trdi mua tfnh. Mft trdi cinh, vi ngudi chimg quanh dd, ngudi trin<br /> rdt Ifi phun ra nhitng luing ving dd cUiu thuft cdn mieu ti Ifi tim trfng etta mlnh kU ^<br /> ngUfng. Vi qua cinh eita gid diy ai da md flittc ling cd chuyfn g) da xiyra:"Mft luing<br /> rfng, 161 nhin thdy mdt cdu vdng nggo nghi<br /> difn bing diu nhu dfp mfnh vio tri giic tfii,<br /> dd bdy mdu Irin trdi. Anh dd lyc etta cUic kUfa tfii cim thiy rpn ngudi". Dfa tfn gily<br /> ciu vong hat xuing bin tfim nhu mft dii vdi phut chfa dpng iy, 'tfii" vin khfing bd qua co<br /> oan nghiit kfo ddng miu ttt trong bin tfim hfi fiich mdc ning. So vdi nhftog hoft dfng<br /> v(i