Nhân tố tôn giáo trong lịch sử nước Mỹ và trong quan hệ Mỹ - Việt Nam những năm 2003-2006

NHAN TO TON GIAO TRGNG LICH sur NITDTC M Y VA<br /> TRONG QUAN H | MY - Vl|T NAM NHONG N A M 2003-2006<br /> <br /> TRXN THJ VINH"<br /> DANG DINH Qui"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T rong cfle nhfln t l chfnh trj, ehfnh<br /> afich vfi ban sfic vfin hda My, tdn<br /> giflo Ifl nhfin t l d^c bi^t quan trpng. Tdn<br /> 1.1. Tdn gido • mdt chu di xuyen sudt<br /> trong lfch sd nudc My<br /> Ljeh sii hinh thflnh nfldc My cho thiy,<br /> giflo Ifl chii d l xuyen suot trong Ijch sii nhflng ngfldi djnh cfl d i u tiln trfin d i t My<br /> nUde My. Trong ehfnh afich doi ngo^ eua lfi nhflng tfn d l b) xua duli, bi kit fin, phai<br /> My, tdn giflo cd anh hfldng ldn din tu duy vflpt biln din vflng d i t mdi d l mifu sinh vfi<br /> cua ngfldi Mjf v l t h l gidi ben ngofli vfl tim kilm tfl do d l theo duli dfle tin ciia<br /> phfldng efich mfi ngfldi My phan flng vdi eae minh. Nflm 1613, nhiZng ngfldi chfiu Au<br /> SI? ki^n diln ra doi vdi phin edn I ^ ciia t h l diu tiln d$t chfln Ifin nflde My Ifi ngfldi Tfiy<br /> gidi. Tren thi?c te, tdn gifio thi?e si? efi anh Ban Nha, dfldi si? chi huy ciia Juan Ponce<br /> hfldng tdi qufi trinh ho^eh dinh vfl triln de Leon, hp da tim dfldng din ban dao r$ng<br /> khai chfnh sflch doi ngo^ ciia MjF. Bfii vilt ldn mfi ngfly nay Ifi Florida. Tfim nfim sau,<br /> nfly se t^p trung phfin tfch vai trd eiia nhfin cfic mi?c sfl Cd Ddc giflo La Mfi da din dfly<br /> to tdn giflo trong ljch sii nfldc M;^, trong dl truyin gifio cho cfle t h l dfin da do, vfl tfl<br /> chitih afleh dli ngo^i ciia My cung nhfl nflm 1564. ngfldi Tfiy Ban Nha da thfinh<br /> nhiing tfie dpng eua nhfin tl" nfiy doi vdi 14P St. Augustine, m | t trong s l nhQng thj<br /> quan h§ My - Vi^t Nam giai do^n 2003- trln c l xfla d Bfle My, n i m d Ddng Bfle<br /> 2006, khi Mjf dfla Vi^t nam vfio danh afich Florida. TrUdc khi t h l ky XVT kit thfle, efic<br /> "Cfic nfldc ein quan tflm d$c bi|t v l tdn nhfi truyin giflo t h u ^ ddng thfinh Francis<br /> giflo" (Country of Particular Concern on dfi tdi khu vi?c mfi ngfiy nay Ifl bang New<br /> Rehgious Freedom- CPC) vfl qufi trinh Vi$t Mexico.<br /> Nam dfl'u tranh d l budc My dfla Vi§t Nam<br /> ra khdi danh aflch nfly. Vflo t h l ki XVII, ddng ngfldi tfl Anh quic<br /> tim dfldng giai thoflt khdi sfl ngflpc dai tdn<br /> 1. Ton giflo t r o n g Heh sit nxidc My vfi gifio dfl ding thdi d$t n i n mdng cho sfl ra<br /> chinh sflch doi ngo^i c u a My ddi vfi thinh vfldng ciia nfldc My. Mpt trong<br /> <br /> <br /> "PGS.TS. Khoa Ljch sfl, Trfldng D^i hpc Sfl pb^m Hfi Ndi<br /> " ThS. Hpc vidn Ngo^i giao<br /> Rhto ttf ton giAo h-ong ljeh siS-...<br /> <br /> ao nhflng hp qua ciia cupe cai cflch tdn giflo T h l ki XIX, trfldc nguy cd n$i ehiln.<br /> d Anh dfldi thdi Vua James I (1603 - 1625) Ting thing James Buchanan, Ting thong<br /> lfi vipe cac tin do Thanh gifio h\ dfin fip dfl thfl 15 eiia nfldc My trong nhflng nfim 1857<br /> man, khid'n cho ngfldi Anh rdi bd qud - 1861, da bilu th; sfl lo ngp d^c bidt cua<br /> hUdng di cfl sang Bfic My vdi hy vpng dflpc minh vl kha nfing cupe n§i ehiln cd thl Iflm<br /> tl? do vl tfl tfldng d l thi?e h i | n dflc tin eiia giam sut vai trd eua nflde My dli vdi eac<br /> minh ngfiy mdt ddng. Tfnh din nfim 1752, quyln ti? do edng dfln vfl tdn gifio trdn tofin<br /> ehfnh quyln Anh da thfinh l^p d Bfie My t h l gidi. Nhflng nflm sau Ndi ciiiln,<br /> 13 thupc dia vdi dfin s l 1,3 tri|u ngfldi. Ulysaea Simpson Grant, Ting thong thfl 18<br /> Ngay tfl thdi ky thudc dia (1600-1776), cua nfldc My trong nhflng nftm 1869-1877,<br /> ljch avt nfldc My dflpe dfinh dfl'u bing si? da trflde nhidm vi? khd khfin trong cdng eupc<br /> d^ng vl tdn giflo do nhflng ngfldi My ban tfii thilt dfi't nfldc aau tham hpa ehiln<br /> dja, nhflng nd I | chfiu Phi vfl nhflng ngfldi tranh, da dl cao ti? do tdn gifio, bdn eanh<br /> di cfl din tfl chau Au. Ho dfl thi?c hi^n vfl'n d l an ninh tfii san, nhfl mpt nhu eiu<br /> nhflng ll nghi tdn giflo ridng ciia minh thilt ylu dl dam bao "dilu tdt dpp nhfi't cho<br /> dfldi nhilu hinh thfle khfle nhau. Vdi da so cdng chung".<br /> khoang 550 cpng dong vfi ngdn ngfl khfle Trong the ki XX vfl nhflng nflm diu t h l<br /> nhau t ^ nflde My vflo t h l ky XVII, nin ky XXI, ngfldi dan My tiep tue eoi trpng<br /> vfln hda ciia ngfldi My ban dia da dflpc ghi quyln ti? do tdn gifio nhfl quyln tfl do phflt<br /> nhfln bdi tinh da d^ng nd'i b$t trong thdi triln kinh tl. Td'ng thong thfl 43 eua nflde<br /> ky 14P quoc (1). My trong nhflng nfim 2001-2009, George<br /> Sang t h l ki XVIII, ba nfim aau khi vilt W. Bush, da nhfic nhd ngfldi My quan tam<br /> Tuydn ngdn Dpc Ifip My (1776), Thomas den nguon goc aau xa ciia quyln ti? do nfiy<br /> Jefferson da soan thao Dao luflt Virginia ve trong xa hdi My vfi cho rflng, chinh cfle b$c<br /> tfl do tin ngfldng (The Vurginia Act For tiln bdi cua nfldc My trong qufl trinh I4p<br /> Establishing Religious Freedom) vfio nfim quoc da nhfin thiy t i m quan trpng ciia ti?<br /> 1779. Dfiy Ifl bd lufit d i u tien nhflm bao vp do tdn gifio dra vdi v i ^ xay di?ng mpt Udn<br /> tl? do tdn giao tai My, dflpc ban hflnh nfim minh on djnh vfi ben vflng. Si? quan tflm<br /> 1786, trong dd khiing djnh quyln ti? do tdn ddi vdi cfle gia trj tdn giflo da giflp cho<br /> giflo vfl tl? do tranh lufin dl bao vd quan George W. Bush gianh dflpe si? ung hp eiia<br /> dilm tdn giao ciia ngfldi My. Tdn giflo vfi mpt bp phfin khdng nhd dan chflng My.<br /> quyen tfl do tdn giflo lfi mpt quyln ed ban Theo thong ke, cd tdi 56% nhflng ngfldi<br /> da dflpc ghi nhfin trong Dilu b l sung siia "din nhfl thd ciu nguypn hflng tuIn" da bo<br /> dli thfl n h i t cua Hiin phflp My vfi dfl fin philu cho Bush trong eudc blu cfl Tong<br /> afiu trong lieh stt vfl ban sfic dfin tdc My. thing nfim 2000 vfi ty Ip nfly tflng Ien 63%<br /> Vflo cudi t h l ky XVIII, tfnh da d ^ g tdu trong cu|e blu eii nfim 2004 (2).<br /> giao d My da rfi't noi b^t, vfi dfly lfi mdt d&c Ngfiy nay, cung nhfl trong lich aii trfldc<br /> tinh khdng the phu nh^n trong bfle tranh dfly, da so ngfldi My dl eao cae tfn ngfldng<br /> xa h$i ngay tfl buoi binh minh cua nflde vfi nghi Ii tdn giao ed ban - mdt n i t d$e thfl<br /> My. Trong the gidi tdn gifio da d^ng vfi trong ddi aong ngfldi dfln. Thfing 6-2008,<br /> phong phu ciia nfldc My thdi ky l^p quoc, Diln dfin Pew ve Tdn giao vfl Ddi song epng<br /> dao Tin Lfinh ehilm vai trd chii d^o. dong phi Ipi nhufln da cdng bo kit qua m|t<br />  Rghian cflu L{eh aiV. arf 4.2011<br /> <br /> cude dilu tra trdn quy md ldn, khao sflt tfldng ciia Kindred MeLeary, hpa si hfing<br /> trdn 35.000 ngUdi, theo dd 92% ngfldi My d i u nflde My, ndi vl cfic quyln ti? do tdn<br /> cho ring hp tin vfio Chua; 76% cho bilt hp gifio, tl? do ngdn lu|tn, ti? do hdi hpp vfl tfl<br /> ciu nguydn ft nhfi't mli tuIn m | t lin, do bfio chf. Bfle tranh dflpc hofin thfinh<br /> nhilu ngfldi trong s l hp ciu nguy|n hfing nfim 1942, m | t trong nhiing thdi dilm<br /> ngfly. Cfie kit quA dd cflng phfl hpp vdi cfle nhilu thflch thfle nhfl't trong I)ch evt nfldc<br /> eudc dilu tra da cdng b l trflde dfly, theo dd My, khi Chiln tranh thigidi thfl hai dang<br /> cfl 10 ngfldi thl c6 trln 7 ngfldi tuyfin b i t d n din r i t g i n nfldc My. Dilu dd cho thiy<br /> giflo ed y nghta "quan trpng" ho|c "hit aflc m | t thi?c t l Ifi, trong quan dilm cua ngUdi<br /> quan trpng" trong cudc sing ciia hp. Nilm My, ngay ck d nhflng thdi dilm d i t nflde bf<br /> tin eho ring tfn ngfldng ban thfin nd cd gifi thfieh thfle vfl de dpa, thl mdt trong nhflng<br /> tr} to ldn da c6 tfl Iflu trong ljeh at! nflde trpng tfim chfnh sflch dtfi ngoai cua nflde<br /> My. Td'ng thing George Waahington da My v&n Ifi bao v$ vfi thuc dfly cfic quyln ti?<br /> tflng tuyen btf trong diln vfln k i t thuc do cd ban, b i t diu b i n g quyln tfl do tdn<br /> nhidm ky ciia dng vflo nflm 1796 rflng, giflo.<br /> ngfldi dfln trong mdt chfnh t h l cdng hda cd<br /> t h l se khdng ti? Ifim chu dflpc dfl't nfldc vfl L}eh sii nflde My cho thfify, b$ thing<br /> cfi diy dii quyln ti? do eua hp nlu hp khdng chfnh tri My ludn cho phip vfl t^o dilu kidn<br /> cd dfle hpih. Waahington eho rfing, "dfle cho cfle nhdm lpi fch tdn gifio ho^t d|ng.<br /> hanh dd dfla trdn tdn giflo vfl d^o ly" (3). Bflng cfic cflch khfle nhau, nhfi't Ifi thdng<br /> qua la philu cua cfle tfn do, cae nhdm lpi<br /> 1.2. Tdn gido trong chinh adch ddt fch tdn giflo tflc dpng vflo chfnh quyln, vflo<br /> ngoai ciia My Qudc hdi di phfit triln dflc tin vfl md r|ng<br /> Vdi quan diem eho rfing tfl do tdn giflo anh hfldng tdn gifio ciia minh. Tdn giflo<br /> lfi try cpt trong hd thing hiin phflp cua trfin thi?c t l ludn ludn bj chfnh trj hda vfl<br /> nfldc My, tdn gifio cd anh hfldng Idn din tfl dflpe sii dyng nhfl mdt cdng cy trong ca<br /> duy cua ngfldi My vdi t h l gidi bin ngofii. nin ehfnh trj ndi b | cung nhfl trong chfnh<br /> Trln thUc t l , ngUdi My tin r&ng nfldc My sfieh ddi ngogi eua My. Cd t h l thiy, ngay<br /> dflpe Chua Ii?a chpn trong afl m^nh ehing tfl thdi ky thu|c dja cho din nay, tdn giflo<br /> lai mpi t h l Ii?e dfln fip t i n giflo vfi ti? do dflpe afl dyng nhfl m^t cdng cu d l t | p hpp<br /> trfin tofin t h l gidi, r i n g nfldc My c6 sfl li?c lupng phyc vy cho cfic myc tidu dli n|i<br /> mdnh cai t^o t h l gidi. Nilm tin nfiy dflpc vfl dli ngo^i. D$c dilm nfiy xuyin suit<br /> xfiy dflng vfl cung c l trong autft chilu dfli trong Ijch svl nude My. Thdng qua tdn<br /> Ijch sii hinh thfinh vfi phflt triln ciia nfldc giflo, ngfldi My dflpc giflo dye vfl tuyln<br /> My (4). P h i n ldn cfic hpc gia, chfnh trj gia truyin v l afl mdnh md ra m^t thdi d ^ mdi<br /> My diu cho rfing, vi$c pho biln dfin ehii vfi khdng phai chi cho nfldc My mfi cdn lfi m | t<br /> tl? do t i n gifio trdn t h l gidi lfi m | t trong n i n dfin ehii trdn tofln c i u vfi m^t " t h l gidi<br /> nhflng bi§n phflp d l cung ctf an ninh eho tl? do". Trong tU duy ngudi My, trong "thl<br /> nfldc My (5). Ngfiy nay, nlu din B | Ngo^i gidi ty do" dd, tfl do tdn gifio Ifl mdt p h i n<br /> giao My d thii dd Wasahington D.C, ngUdi khdng t h l thilu vfl ddng vai tro quan<br /> ta thiy ngay b i n trdn eing chfnh vfio B | trpng hfing diu.<br /> Ngoai giao lfi m | t bfle tranh t h l hi$n rd<br /> dilu nfly. Bfle tranh noi tilng vd trln Nfim 1998, Ting thing My da ky ban<br /> hfinh Dgo Iu4t Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc ttf<br /> Rhto Ki ton gt6o h-ong ljch sit... 61<br /> <br /> <br /> (International Rehgious Freedom Act - HR 7. Tfl chdi tilp cac dofln thfim lfim<br /> 2431). Dao lu^t nfiy khing djnh flu tiln vide, thflm chfnh thfle, thflm cfl'p eao ciia<br /> quan trpng trong chfnh afich dli ngogi eiia Chfnh phli,<br /> My vfl quy djnh efie bi^n phflp mdi dl thfle 8. Hoan ho$e huy bo eflc dofin thfim<br /> diy vfl bao vd quyln ti? do tdn gifio. Dgo lfim vide, thflm chinh thfle, thfim cfi'p cao<br /> luflt eung cho phip thflnh l^p Vfin phdng ciia Chinh phu,<br /> Tl? do Tdn giao Qudc t l vfi vj trf Dgi sfl Iflu<br /> 9. Cfit giam ho$c ehlm dflt h i trp phflt<br /> dpng phy trflch Quyln ty do tdn giflo qudc<br /> t l tgi Bp Ngogi giao My, c6 nhi|m vy phtfi<br /> triln,<br /> hpp cflng nhau d l theo ddi tinh trgng tdn 10. NgiKng cfle hogt ddng bao hilm diu<br /> giao tren tofln t h l gidi, ding thdi xfiy dyng tu cua EXIM Bank, OPIC, TDA<br /> cfle chfnh sach vfi ehfldng trinh thuc diy 11 Thu hdi, hgn c h i hofic ngflng cfle<br /> quyln ty do tdn giflo. Myc tidu dd dflpe thye vi|n trp an ninh quic phdng,<br /> hidn thdng qua sy phdi hpp vdi cfic dgi sfl 12. Bd philu chtfng tgi cfic to chflc tfli<br /> qufln My d efie nflde trdn t h l gidi, cfic quan chinh qudc tl,<br /> ehfle nfldc ngofli, cfle td chflc ton giflo vfl<br /> 13. Ap dyng cfl'm vfin dtfi vdi mdt phin<br /> nhfin quyln.<br /> hay tdng the doi vdi mpt stf mfit hfing,<br /> Mpt bidn phflp quan trpng mfl Bp ngogi 14. Cfl'm cfle t l ehfle tfii chinh My cho<br /> giao My tiln hfinh hfing nfim lfi Bflo d o vay tren mflc 10 tri^u USD,<br /> thfldng nien ve quyln ti? do tdn giflo qu6c te<br /> 15. Cfl'm Chfnh phii My ed hpp dong<br /> do qudc hdi uy quyln thi?c hi$n. Bflo efio<br /> mua hfing hay djeh vu (6).<br /> nfly tdm Iflpc thyc trgng quyln ti? do tdn<br /> giao d 197 qudc gia txdn t h l gidi hfing nflm Nhflng npi dung cua Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn<br /> vfl dflpc cdi^ bo bfing tieng dja phfldng tren giao ed hai diem dang Iflu y. Mdt Ifi, trong<br /> nhieu trang web eiia cfle dgi sfl qufln My d dgo luflt nfiy khdng cd hinh thfle tri^u bdi<br /> nflde ngofli. Vdi cac nfldc mfl My cho Ifl cfi vi dgi di^n ngogi giao trong phfin tham<br /> phgm nghiem trpng quyln ty do tdn giflo quyln ciia Tong thtfng My nhflng Igi quy<br /> theo tidu ehl ciia My, Bd Ngogi giao My sd djnh vipe iiy ban Tfl do Tdn giflo qudc t l<br /> dfla vfio danh sach CPC. Trong dilu 405, My (mpt t l chflc tfl vin cho qudc hdi dflpc<br /> khoan A ciia Dgo lu^t Ty do Tdn giao Qudc thfinh Ifip theo Dgo Iu$t Tfl do Tdn giflo<br /> t l quy djnh, Tong thong My c6 quyln thyc Qutfc te) c6 quyln Iden nghj vipe tri^u hoi<br /> hidn cae bidn phflp tfl thip din cao ddi vdi dgi didn ngogi giao. Thfl hai, lufit nfiy eho<br /> cac nfldc ed trong danh sfieh CPC: phdp td'ng thtfng My dupe hoan tfl 90 din<br /> 180 ngfiy de tham khao vdi ehinh phii eae<br /> 1. Ydu ciu giai thfch (vdi chfnh quyln<br /> My), nflde bj xd'p vflo danh aflch CPC, cac to<br /> chflc nhfln quyln phi chfnh phii vfl eae ben<br /> 2. Yeu eiu giai thich cdng khai trdn<br /> lidn quan My trflde khi quylt djnh lya<br /> cfie phfldng ti^n thdng tin dgi ehung,<br /> chpn vi§e fip dyng hinh phgt nflo trong 15<br /> 3. Phan ddi b ^ g kenh ngogi giao, mflc ndu tren.<br /> 4. Len an tgi cac diln dfln quoc tl, Luflt Tfl do Tdn giflo Quoc t l eung quy<br /> 5. Hofin hoflc huy bd giao Iflu vfin hda djnh, vi$e xip efie nfldc vflo danh aaeh CPC<br /> 6. Hoan ho^c htiy bd trao ddi khoa hpc. se ty dpng het hidu lyc sau hai nflm, trfl<br />  Rghian cflu Lieh ai5r. arf 4.8011<br /> <br /> khi Chfnh quyln My tilp tye dfla nfldc dd nhfln ly giai thi?e trgng nfly. Mdt Id, ban<br /> vfio danh sfieh CPC; ding thdi My ed t h l thfln Ting thing Bush Ifl ngfldi theo dgo<br /> dfla nfldc dd ra khdi danh afich CPC nlu Tin Lfinh, ddng Methodish. Mdt stf nhfi<br /> nude dd dfi ehfi'm dflt ho$e dfi tiln hflnh nghiSn cflu cho ring, Bush thfle sy tin<br /> nhflng bi|n phfip cd t h l kilm chflng dflpc Chua vfi lfi mdt con chidn r i t ngoan dgo.<br /> trong vide ehfi'm dflt nhflng vi phgm vl ti? M$c dfl ed mdt thyc ttf lfi, trong hflnh vi cua<br /> do tdn giflo theo quan ni^m eiia My. Thyc cfic chfnh trj gia, khd c6 t h l phfin bidt dflpe<br /> t l cho thfl'y, ehfnh quyln My fip dyng l u | t gifla dfle tin eiia hp vdi d|ng cd ehfnh trj,<br /> nfiy vdi nhflng Hnh hogt nhfi't djnh. Hai tuy nhiln, khfle vdi eflc Tong thtfng khfle,<br /> trong efic phfit bilu edng khai ciia Bush,<br /> nfim aau khi lufit nfiy cd hi|u lyc, thflng 9-<br /> tdn giflo vfl ty do tdn gifio thfldng xuyen<br /> 2000, Iln diu tiln Bd Ngogi giao My cdng<br /> dflpe d l C4P din (10). Hai Id, vl tfl tfldng.<br /> btf danh afleh CPC gim nfim nflde:<br /> Ting thtfng Bush chju anh hfldng ldn tfl<br /> Myanmar, Trung Qutfc, Iran, Iraq vfi<br /> trfldng phai Bao thii mdi. Ding thdi, nhflng<br /> Sudan. Hai nfldc khfic lfi Serbia vfi<br /> phy tfl thfln cfln cua Ting thtfng Bush cung<br /> Afghaniatan cung bj xem lfi vi phgm d{Le<br /> theo trfldng phfii nfiy, diln hinh lfi Phd<br /> bipt nghidm trpng vl ty do t i n giflo, Tong thtfng Dick Cheney. NhOng ngfldi bao<br /> nhflng do My khdng cdng nh^n Chfnh phii thii mdi coi nfldc My Ifl sidu dflng, cfle gifi<br /> Serbia vfi Afghanistan ndn khdng xip hai trj My bao gdm ca quan diem vl tfl do tdn<br /> nfldc nfiy vflo danh aflch CPC (7). Chfnh gifio mang gia trj p h i qufit vfi ngfldi My cd<br /> quyln My cung khdng ap dyng cfle bi|n sfl m^nh bao v$ vfi pho biln cfic gifi trj nfiy<br /> phflp trflng phgt n$ng hdn nhflng gl da fip trln binh di^n tofln ciu (11). Ba Id, trong<br /> dung vdi Myanmar, do nfldc nfly dfl bj hgn chiln Iflpc ciia chfnh quyln Bush, ben cgnh<br /> e h l xufi't k h i u vfl trung chuyin cfie thilt cupe chiln chtfng khiing btf, v i ^ pho biln<br /> bi hflng hda qufin si? tfl trflde dd (8). Dtfi dfin chii vfl ty do tdn giflo tren t h l gidi Ifl<br /> vdi Trung Qu6c, My cung khdng fip dyng mdt try c|t quan trpng (12).<br /> bi$n phap trflng phat nfio n$ng hdn vide<br /> hgn e h l xufl't k h i u cfie thilt bj phdng Trong nhidm ky diu, Tong thtfng Bush<br /> chtfng tpi phgm dfl ap dyng tfl d i u nhflng tuydn btf "ty do, dfin ehu vfl ty do kinh<br /> nflm 90 t h l ky XX theo Lu^t chuin ehi doanh" Ifl "md hinh bin vflng duy n h i t eho<br /> Ngfin sfieh dtfi ngogi (9). Cung nhfl v|y, thfinh cdng ciia quSc gia" vfi gfln thfldng<br /> khi Cpng hda Dfin ehu Nhfin dfin Trilu mgi, vidn trp My vdi cfle dilu ki^n v l dfln<br /> Tidn bj dUa vfio danh sflch CPC nflm 2001, chii, nhfin quyln vfl ty do tdn giflo (13).<br /> Chfnh phu My cung khdng flp dyng thim Trong diln vfin nh$m chflc nhi^m ky thfl<br /> bidn phflp nflo vi nfldc nfiy dang bj My efi'm hai vfio thfing 1-2005, Ting thtfng Buah dS<br /> vfln. nhilu Iln nhfic tdi thu^t ngfl "ty do khoi sy<br /> ap d$t" hay "ty do hfinh dpng" vfl khing<br /> Khi Ting thtfng Buah vfio Nhfl TrIng, ty djnh, nfldc My sd hS trp cho nhflng ngfldi<br /> do tdn giao dflpc eoi trpng hdn cfle chfnh chiln dfl'u cho "ty do" trdn tofln t h l gidi.<br /> quyln trfldc d6, dong thdi nhflng mH quan Td'ng thtfng Bush dong thdi cung nhfiii<br /> tam ciia Chfnh phii vl ty do tdn gifio d mgnh ring, lpi fch atfng cdn ciia nfldc My<br /> nhi^m ky thfl hai (2004 - 2008) cao hdn hpp nhfi't vdi dflc tin sflu sflc cua ngudi My<br /> nhi^m ky diu (2000 - 2004). Cd ba nguyin (14).<br /> Rhfln trf Mn gl6o h-ong ljeh si^...<br /> <br /> Trong qua trinh triln khai ehfnh sfieh Thtfng nhfi't" (UBCV) vfi vy Linh mue<br /> dtfi ngogi, eflc cd quan cua chfnh quyln Nguyin Vfin Ly.<br /> Bush the hidn ro tfl tfldng vfi sy coi trpng Trong nin chfnh trj n$i b | My, truyin<br /> v&n. dl ty do tdn giflo trong chfnh sfieh dfii bfl ty do tdn giflo cung nhfl dfln chu, nhan<br /> ngogi. So vdi chfnh quyln Chnton, ehfnh quyln theo kilu My lfi quan dilm thtfng<br /> quyln Bush rflo riit hdn trong vide thyc nhfi't gifla eflc dang phfii. Tuy nhidn, tren<br /> hidn Lu4t v l Ty do Tdn gifio Qudc t l 1998, thye tl, ludn t i n tai sy khfle bi$t vl phfldng<br /> t$p trung nhieu hdn vfio tinh hinh ti? do cfich thyc hi|n gifla cfie dang vfi cfie chfnh<br /> tdn giao tren t h l gidi vfl coi ty do tdn giflo trj gia (16). Tgi Quoc hpi My, vl cd ban, hai<br /> nhfl mdt edng cy ciia ehfnh sfleh dli ngogi. dang Dfin ehii vfl Cdng hda thtfng nhfi't vl<br /> Trong each nhin ciia chfnh gidi My vl ty do dfldng Itfi dtfi vdi Vidt Nam trong cae vfiii di<br /> tdn gifio, t h l gidi dflpc chia thfinh ba nhdm dfln chii, nhan quyln vfl ty do tdn giao<br /> qudc gia: (i) cfle qudc gia c6 ty do tdn giflo, nhflng trdn thfle tl, ludn ton tgi hai trfldng<br /> (ii) eflc quic gia khilm khuylt vl ty do tdn phfli vl phfldng cflch giai quylt trong linh<br /> gifio, vfl (iii) cfle quic gia khdng ed ty do tdn vye nfiy. Mdt phai chu trfldng duy trt vfi<br /> gifio ein d$c bidt quan tfim. Quan nidm nfiy thiic diy hpp tflc vdi Vidt Nam de din din<br /> ciia chfnh quyln Bush dfl biln mdt vfl'n d l giai quylt vfl'n de ty do tdn giflo theo hfldng<br /> tdn giao thuin tuy thfinh vin d l quan hd My mong mutfn, dflng diu Ifl hai Thfldng<br /> qudc tl, gfiy bfi't Ipi cho khdng ft qudc gia nghj si John McCain vfi John Kerry eflng<br /> trdn thd' gidi, mfi Vidt Nam lfi mpt trong stf hai Hg nghj si, Dong ehu tjch Nhdm nghj ai<br /> dd. vi quan hd My - Vi^t Ifl Lane Evan vfi<br /> 2. Nhan to ton gifio t r o n g q u a n h$ Robert Simmon. Phai thfl hai ehu trfldng<br /> My - Vi^t Nam glal dogn 2003-2006 dflng eflc bipn phap cflng rfin, trflng phgt<br /> de Ip Vi^t Nam thay dd'i, dflng diu Ifl<br /> 2.1. Qud trinh My dua Viet Nam vdo<br /> Thupng nghj si Brown Back vfi cac Ha nghj<br /> danh sach "Cdc nUdc cdn quan tam<br /> sT Loretta Sanchez, Chris Smith, Tom<br /> die biit vi tdn giao" (2003-2004)<br /> David... Cac nghj s^ My bfiy td quan diem<br /> Theo Luflt Ty do Tdn giflo Qudc t l My vfi gfly sflc Ip vdi ehfnh phii trong eac vfin<br /> 1998, Bp Ngogi giao My chju trach nhi^m di dli ngoai b ^ g cfle hinh thfle nhfl: ra<br /> chinh trong vi^c theo doi tinh hinh ty tdn tuydn btf ridng, vilt thfl eho Ngogi trfldng,<br /> giao tofin ciu, ra bflo eflo hfing nfim vfl yeu eiu dilu trln, dfla dy thao nghj quyet,<br /> quylt djnh danh sfleh CPC. Dtfi vdi Vidt dy thao lufit... Cac hinh thfle tfic dpng nfiy<br /> Nam, tfl sau sfl ki^n xay ra d Tfiy Nguydn diu cd anh hfldng tdi qufl trinh hogeh djnh<br /> nim 2001, cac bao cao hfing nfim ciia Bp ehfnh each dfii ngogi. Tuy nhidn, chi khi<br /> Ngogi giao My vl tinh hinh ty do tdn giflo d nflo cfic dy thao lu^t dflpe qudc hdi thdng<br /> Vi$t Nam dflpc nhin nh^in theo cac tidu chf qua vfi ting thtfng ky thfinh l u | t thi mdi cd<br /> ciia My vfl t h l hidn tfnh tidu eye ngfiy efing gifl trj rfing bupc.<br /> tfing. Cfie bao cao tfl nflm 2002 den 2004<br /> t^p trung vfio nhflng khfa egnh mfi My eho Tfl diu nfim 2000, d§e bi^t lfi sau ay<br /> lfi tinh hinh ty do tdn giao d Vidt Nam "xiu ki^n xay ra d Tay Nguyen nfim 2001, moi<br /> di" ao vdi trflde, trong d6 t^p trung vao ba nfim cd hfing trflm bfii phat bilu, thdng eao<br /> chii de vl: vfin de Tin Lfinh d Tfiy Nguyen bao chf, thfl ciia ea nhfin vfl eiia nhdm eflc<br /> vfi Tfiy Bfie, "Giflo hpi Ph^t gifio Vi^t Nam nghj Sl giii tdi Tong thtfng vfl Ngogi trfldng<br />  Rghian eiJru L|eh ai^. arf 4.2011<br /> <br /> My bfiy td thfii d | v l tinh hinh ty do tdn USCIRF cd anh hfldng ldn tdi chfnh sflch<br /> gifio d Vidt Nam, d|c bidt Ifl trfldng hpp tdn gifio cua ehfnh quyln My. Trln thi?c ttf,<br /> Linh mye Nguyin Vfin Ly vfi cfle vin d l USCIRF dfi cd cfic bfio cflo dflnh gifi tidu<br /> lidn quan din Tin Lfinh d Tfly Nguyin. eye tinh hinh tAn giflo d Vi|t Nam trong cfic<br /> Hinh thfle td thfii dd mgnh hdn lfi ra nghj nfim 2001-2002 vfi khuyin nghj Chfnh phii<br /> quylt vfi gidi thi|u dy l u | t ra Quic h|i. My dfla Vidt Nam vflo danh afich CPC tfl<br /> Tfnh rilng trong hai nfim 2003 - 2004, theo nfim 2003.<br /> thtfng kd ehfla diy du, ed 45 dy lu^t, dy Trong btfi canh dd, tfl cutfi nflm 2003,<br /> thao nghj quylt chtfng Vi|t Nam, trong dd Chfnh phu Vi|t Nam dfi n l lyc dtfu tranh<br /> vfin ban c6 tfic ddng ldn n h i t din ehfnh chtfng vi|c My dfla Vi|t Nam vfio danh sflch<br /> quyln My lfi Dy lu^t nhfin quyln Vidt Nam CPC. Cflng vdi nhflng dli mdi trong chinh<br /> 2004, dflpe Hg vi^n My thdng qua ngfly 14- sfleh ttfn gifio k l tfl d i u th$p niln 1990,<br /> 7-2004 vdi 325 philu thu^n, 45 philu Nghj quylt TW 7 (Nghj quylt 25) nflm<br /> chtfng vfl 65 ngfldi khdng bd phitfu (16). C6 2003 vl Tdn giflo da tgo ra nhiJng thay dli<br /> t h l thfi'y, nhflng nh^n djnh vl tinh hinh ty quan trpng v l nh^n thfle vfl quy djnh dtfi<br /> do tdn giflo d Vidt Nam vfi cfle bidn phflp vdi tdn giflo. Thflng 6-2004, Oy ban<br /> trflng phgt neu ra trong dy lu|it nfiy m | t Thfldng vy Qutfc bdi da thdng qua Phfip<br /> m$t lfi sy cy t h l hda L u | t ty do tdn gifio l|nh Tfn ngfldng Tdn gifio vdi nhflng dilm<br /> qudc ttf My 1998, m$t khfic t h l hi§n ay fip mdi trong cfic quy djnh v l quan ly Nhfi<br /> d$t dtfi vdi Chfnh phii My. Sau dd, cac tfic nflde dtfi vdi linh vyc ttfn gifio. Trong Phfip<br /> gia eiia dy lufit nfiy tim mpi cfich di dy lu^t Idnh cd ba dilm mfi phfa My quan tflm: (i)<br /> dupc thdng qua d Tbflpng vi^n nhflng quy djnh rd quy trinh dflng ky cfle t l chflc<br /> khdng thflnh edng. tdn giflo; (li) quy djnh rd hdn v l vi|c phong<br /> ehfle, phong phim, bo nhi$m, b l u cti, suy<br /> Bdn egnh dd, hogt dpng ciia cfle t l chflc<br /> cii trong cfic t l chflc tdn giflo; (iii) quy djnh<br /> nhfln quyln nhfl An xfi Qudc t l (Amneaty<br /> v l hogt d | n g xa hpi, tfl thidn nhan dgo cua<br /> International - AI)i Theo doi Nhfin quyln<br /> cfle chflc sfle, nhfl tu hflnh vfl to ehfle tdn<br /> (Human Right Watch - HRW), Ngdi nhfi Ty<br /> gifio. Dong thdi, Vidt Nam cung tflng<br /> do (Freedom House - HS), Oy ban Ty do<br /> efldng cfic bi$n phflp t r l n cfle kenh ngogi<br /> Tdn giflo Qudc ttf My (United Statea<br /> giao cung nhfl cfle hogt ddng xa hpi khfie<br /> Commission on International Religious<br /> nhfl tflng efldng stf lfl