Ô nhiễm môi trường do nước thải mỏ than tại Quảng Ninh

O NHIEM MOI TRl/CiNG<br /> DONaOCTHAl<br /> MOTHANTAIQUANGNINH<br /> Th.S Tran Hoang Anh<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Dat van de d nhiem kim loai nang la nghiem trpng vi bai thai, kho than, dupc thai ra cac sdng<br /> Vung than Quang Ninh la mdt khu chung rat khd phan huy. sudi.<br /> edng nghiep lau ddi va ddng vai trd quan Tap doan Than - Khoang san Viet Nam 2.Thiirtrang 6 n h i l m<br /> trpng trong sU phat trien kinh te eua tinh 6uac Nha nudc giao trach nhiem quan ly,<br /> - Lupng nudc thai vao mua mUa t d cae<br /> ndi rieng va cua ca nudc ndi chung. Hien bao ve, khai thac than tren toan qudc. Khai<br /> md than Id thien cd khdi lupng Idn, dp pH<br /> nay, vdi mdc dp khai thac tren quy md Idn, thac than tai Quang Ninh trudc day va hien<br /> td 6 - 7, cudn theo nhieu dat da, tdng ham<br /> ngudn nudc eua nhieu vung md da bj d nay tap trung chu yeu dcac vung Cam Pha,<br /> lupng can Idn.<br /> nhiem. Khi san lupng than dupe khai thac Hdn Gai, Udng Bf, Ddng Trieu, Hoanh Bd.<br /> tang len cung la luc ham lupng cac kim loai Rieng vung Hoanh Bd thi mdi dupc khai - Ldpng nudc bpm t d moong Id thien,<br /> nang: sat (Fe), Mang gan(Mn), cadimi (Cd), thac trong vai nam gan day nen san lupng mo ham Id vao mua khd cd luu lupng nhd<br /> thuy ngan (Hg), asen... cd trong nude thai khdng nhieu. hpn mua mUa, hoa tan luu huynh chda<br /> md tang len theo vx trong than thudng trong than va dat 6a nen thudng cd tinh<br /> Than tai Quang Ninh 6uac khai thac axit (pH < 5), cd chda nhieu bun than. Khi<br /> cd chda mdt lupng quang FeS^ (pyrit), khi<br /> bang ca 2 phUPng phap: Id thien va ham cac hoat ddng khai thac md cham ddt,<br /> tien hanh khai thac than thai ra mdt lupng<br /> Id, trong dd san lupng khai thac Id thien ngudn nUde thai nay cung khdng cdn,<br /> dang ke axit H^SO^ va Fe(0H)3 vao ddng<br /> chiem 60%, ham Id chiem 40%. nhung tdn tai trong he thdng Id cu, lam<br /> nudc ket qua nude thai md cd tinh axit eao,<br /> nhieu can lo Idng (SS), chat vd cP chu yeu Nudc thai md d Quang Ninh cd ba anh hudng den chat Idpng nude ngam.<br /> la cae ion kim loai nang n h u : Fe, Mn, Cd, ngudn chinh; nudc bom t d eac cda Id cua<br /> - Ndde thai t d cac nha may tuyen than<br /> Pb, Hg, As... Su d nhiem nude, dac biet la md ham Id, t d eac moong cua md Id thien,<br /> (Cda Ong, Hdn Gai, Vang Danh) phan Idn<br /> nudc thai t d cac nha may sang tuyen cae<br /> dupe thu hdi de sd dung lai cho qua trinh<br /> sang tuyen. Lupng nudc thai ra mdi trUdng<br /> nhd, tdi da den 1/3 Idpng ndde sd dung<br /> cua nha may. Lupng nude thai nay cd dp<br /> pH thap, chda nhieu bUn than.<br /> - Nudc thai cae nha may cP khi (tap<br /> trung tai Cam Pha) cd Idu lupng nhd, chda<br /> cac kim loai va dau md, dupc xd ly tai eho<br /> trude khi thai vao he thdng thoat nudc<br /> ehung cua khu vUc.<br /> Cae ngudn nudc thai md bj d nhiem cd<br /> cac thanh phan kim loai nang dd ra ao,<br /> hd, sdng, sudi,... lam d nhiem ngudn nudc<br /> sinh hoat d cac vung lan can, d nhiem<br /> nudc mat. Sau thdi gian nhat dinh ngam<br /> xudng dat, tich t r d trong cac Idp dat da,<br /> tram tich,... lam d n h i l m den ngudn nudc<br /> ngam. Ngudn nudc thai nay se anh hudng<br /> true tiep tdi canh quan, mdi trudng.<br /> Tinh trang nudc ngam<br /> Ngudn ndde ngam d vung than ndi<br /> ehung dang bj suy thoai ve chat lupng va<br /> lUu lupng do hoat ddng khai thac than.<br /> Ngudn nudc ngam cd the khai thac phuc<br /> vu san suat, sinh hoat tai ba trpng diem<br /> vung than: thanh phd Ha Long, thi xa Cam<br /> Pha, thj xa Udng Bi dang cd dau hieu bj<br /> Hinh 1. Tmh trang nUdc thai ttr mot cuta 16 nhiem man, nhiem sat, mangan... khdng<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 7.2010 © 0 a i [ W l : 5 5<br /> sddung ddpc. Day la khd khan ldn trong viec cap nudc eho san xuat va<br /> sinh hoat eua vung than. Thdng tin cong nghe<br /> Tinh trang nudc mat<br /> Quang Ninh trudc day cd ngudn nudc phong phu ca ve nUde mat,<br /> nudc ngam. Lupng mUa d day kha Idn, dien tich rdng rdng de t r d ndde<br /> nen khdng nhdng du nudc cap cho sinh hoat cua Quang Ninh ma cdn TOILET SIEU<br /> cap eho Hai Phdng. Hien nay, do rdng bi chat pha nhieu, hoat ddng<br /> khai thac than ngay mdt tang, dja hinh kha ddc, sdng sudi ngan nen<br /> mua mUa lUu lupng nudc kha Idn, cdn mua khd bj can kiet, anh hudng<br /> TI^TKIEMNUCJC<br /> true tiep den chat lupng cac ngudn nUdc mat nhu sdng, sudi, ao, ho.<br /> Bdi lang Idng sdng, sudi lam thay ddi ddng chay, han che kha nang<br /> thoat nudc, gay ngap lut cae vung phu can.<br /> Nudc bien ven b d<br /> Hau het nudc thai t d cac md than, nha may sang tuyen deu theo<br /> eac sdng sudi chay ra bien nen nudc va vdng ven bien chju anh hudng<br /> cua qua trinh khai thac md, trong do chu yeu la vung Cam Pha ben bd<br /> vjnh Bai Td Long va vung Hdn Gai ben bd vjnh Ha Long. Odi vdi vung<br /> Ddng Trieu - Udng Bi do khoang each ra bien xa, lai dUpc pha loang bdi<br /> nude cac con sdng ldn nhuOa Sac, Bach Dang nen gan nhu khdng anh<br /> hddng den nudc va vung ven bien.<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Danh gia chung<br /> Ket qua thuc nghiem cho thay, mdi trddng tai Quang Ninh bi anh<br /> hudng nghiem trpng do khai thac than. Dac biet, nudc d mdt sd vung<br /> khai thac than cd ham Idpng can Ip Idng cao, ed tinh axit (PH thap) va<br /> bj nhiem mot sd kim loai nang nhd Fe, Mn gay anh hudng tdi sdc khoe<br /> <br /> <br /> H<br /> con ngddi. ai ky sd ngudi Australia la Tom Trainor va Mark<br /> Hutton da sang che ra mdt loai toilet mdi cd ten<br /> Dae biet giai doan t d trddc nam 1994, khi chua cd Luat Bao ve Mdi<br /> gpi Evolute, eho phep han che 90% lUpng nUdc xa<br /> trddng, mdi trddng da khdng dupe quan tam dung mdc, cac hoat ddng<br /> de lam sach mdi lan di toilet.<br /> khai thac than da de lai nhdng ngudn gay d nhiem mdi trddng Idn va<br /> tac ddng lau dai. Nhdng tac ddng chu yeu cua qua trinh khai thac than<br /> Diem dot pha cua toilet Evolute la mdt qua cau kim loai<br /> lam d nhiem mdi trddng ndde: Mua mda nude thai cudn theo nhieu<br /> dung de bjt kin mieng dng thoat d doan cudi pheu cua<br /> dat da gay bdi lap sdng sudi, ao hd va vung ven bien. Mua khd nude<br /> toilet.<br /> thai cd tinh axit, ham lupng can I P Idng cao. Huy hoai tham thuc vat,<br /> lam suy giam he ddng vat, pha v d the hai hoa cua canh quan.<br /> Oinh eua qua cau dUpc khoet rdng tao thanh hinh cai<br /> Nudc thai m d Id thien hay ham Id deu khdng du tieu chuan nude chen, chat thai di t h i n g vao chiee chen nay va khi giat<br /> thai cdng nghiep 8 (theo tieu chuan TCVN 5945 - 2005). Cd nghTa la ndde, qua cau lat up lai de chat thai roi xudng dudng dng<br /> tuyet ddi khdng dupc thai vao khu vUc chda ngudn nude ddpc dung thoat. Mot tia ndde se sue saeh chen trudc khi qua cau lat<br /> lam ngudn ndde cap sinh hoat. Song tren thuc te, dieu nay dang dien len, trong khi mot tia nUde khac se rda saeh phan pheu<br /> ra pho bien tai vung md d Quang Ninh. dtren.<br /> Td nhdng anh hddng neu tren, de bao ve mdi trudng, gid gin di<br /> san thien nhien the gidi, phat trien edng nghiep eua tinh Quang Ninh Ap lue cua nude se giup qua cau lat len lat xudng va cac<br /> thi can thiet phai xd ly ndde thai md trudc khi thai ra sdng sudi trong tia nude cd the ban ra. Oieu dang chu y la mill hdi cua chat<br /> vung. Viec tap trung khac phuc, cai tao cac ngudn gay d nhiem la can thai bj qua cau ngan lai chd khdng phai ndde nen toilet<br /> thiet va cap bach nham han che mdc dp d nhiem, cai thien mdi trddng nay khdng ddi hoi sddung ong nude hinh chdS.<br /> sdng theo hudng cd Ipi cho sd phat trien cae nganh kinh te tiem nang<br /> eua tinh, dac biet la nganh du lich, ddng thdi nang cao ddi sdng vat Ky thuat Evolute don gian la dd t h i n g tat ea chat thai vao<br /> chat, van hoa tinh than cua dan cU trong vung. • dng thoat giup giam bdt lupng nudc sd dung dexa toilet.<br /> Theo eac nha sang che, toilet nay sd dung chua den 1 lit<br /> nudc cho moi lan giat cau, thay vi 6 den 12 lit nUdc nhU<br /> nhieu toilet dang sd dung hien nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dien tich lap dat toilet mdi cung nhd hon 30% so vdi toilet<br /> 1. Tran Hoang Anh. dmh gia 6 nhiem nguon nUflc thai mo than d dia ban tinh Quang Ninh va de thdng thudng, do do dae biet phu hpp vdi cac can hd hay<br /> xuat cong nghe xU ly cho mot so mo dien hinh. Luan van thac si ky thuat,BHXD.Ha Npi, 2009. cae ngdi nha ed dien tich nhd.<br /> 3. Vu Hai, Tran HOfu Uyen. Ca'p thoat nUdc, NXB-f)HXD,Ha Npi, 1984.<br /> 4. Trinh Xuan Lai. Tinh toan thiet ke cac cong trinh trong he thong cap nUdc sach. Nha XBKH&KT, Hien cae nha sang che dang hoan thien mau toilet sd<br /> dung ky thuat Evolute va d u kien san pham nay se dUpc<br /> Ha Noi, 2003.<br /> 5. Tran Hieu Nhue,Tran BUc Ha. Ca'p thoat nUdc. Nha XBKH&KT, Ha Npi, 2004. tung ra rdng rai tren thj trudng t d nam 2012.<br /> 6. Tran Hieu Nhue. Thoat nudc va xil ly nudc thai cong nghiep. Nha xuat ban khoa hpc va ky<br /> thuat2001. (Theo VietNam+)<br /> 7.Trinh Xuan Lai - Nguyen Trpng Duong. XU ly nUdc thai cong nghiep. Nha xuat ban xay dung,<br /> 2009.<br /> 8. Sd tay xU li nUac. Nha xuat ban xay dung, 1999.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 7.2010<br />