Phát ngộ - biến thể cú pháp của câu

56<br /> <br /> NGON NGtr & Bin S 6 N G<br /> <br /> s i 2 (244)-2016<br /> <br /> PHAT NGON - BIEN THE CU PHAP CUA CAU<br /> UTTERANCE - SYNTACTIC VARIANTS OF SENTENCE<br /> D I T O N G X U A N QUANG<br /> <br /> (ThS-NCS; Dai hpc K H X H & NV, D H Q G Hk N$i)<br /> Abstract: This article interests m the close relation between Sentence and Utterance. We<br /> discussed the utterance, that difference sentence as Langue is the opposite of Parole, by the<br /> analysis of the content of concept - syntactic variant. And the utterance is mvestigated by<br /> semiotics with three aspects: syntactics - semantics - pragmatics. The most important aim of<br /> this researeh is to discover the foundation of utterance (reality) by sentence (abstract).<br /> Key words: Sentence, Utterance, Syntactic variant.<br /> 1. Dan nhap<br /> Trong tieng Latin e6 mft tuySn ngfin: "Nihil<br /> est in lingua, quod non fiierit in oratione",<br /> nghTa 1^: "Khdng cd mpt cdi gi trong ngdn ngO"<br /> md lgi khdng cd trong cdu ruii"" [din theo Cao<br /> Xuan H90 2005: 26] nhSm khang djnh vi hi d§c<br /> bift ciia cau noi trong nghien cuu ngon ngiJ.<br /> Myc dich cua mpi cSu n6i Ii de truyen tdi<br /> nhOng th5ng difp. Thong difp ay la nhOng<br /> nhSn dinh, nhimg danh gid cfta ngircri noi ve<br /> nhihig sir tinh cua th^ gidi khdch quan. Tuy<br /> nhien do nhung hoan canh giao tiep khac nhau<br /> mk nhQng nfi dung thflng difp dugc t6 chiic<br /> khdc nhau theo dfing nhu cau giao tilp cy the.<br /> Sdn pham ciia qud trinh th ehijcc that^ nhflng<br /> t^n t^i cy thi trong hifn thyc ndi ndng ay Id<br /> Phdt ngon, hay theo mft s6 quan nifm dinh<br /> danh Id Cau. DT nhien, sy t6n tgi ciia khdi nifm<br /> Phdt ngon ben cgnh khdi nifm bdy lau d u ^<br /> tmyen th6ng chdp nhjui sii dyng - Cau hdn chdc<br /> c6 nhihig li do. V§y m6i quan hf giOa Cdu vd<br /> Phdt ngfln la gi? 6 bdi viet ndy, chiing toi sS<br /> trlnh bdy nhimg kiln gidi de ldm ro hon sy khdc<br /> bift cung nhu m6i lien hf bin eh§t gifla hai d6i<br /> tugng nghien eiju co bdn nay. Hay hien ngon<br /> hon, nhifm vy ciia bdi viet Id dinh vj khdi nifm<br /> Phdt n ^ n trong he thong ngon ngii hgc dya<br /> tren co so phdn bift ciia F. de Saussure doi vdi<br /> don vj ngfln ngfl- truu tugng vd cdc biin thi \in<br /> ndi ciia n6 trong ddi song thyc tai.<br /> 2. Blln the or cap df C3u<br /> Ke tilp nghien ciiu ve biin thi khdi phdt tir<br /> dia hgt Ngif dm - am vi hgc ciia N. Tmbetzkoy<br /> va R. Jakobson, nhflng y nifm dau tien vl bien<br /> <br /> the 6 cap do cau ciing dugc mgt thanh vien cua<br /> tnidng phdi Praha Id F. DaneS dua ra nam 1964<br /> trong bdi viet tong kit vh ba binh difn ng|ii€n<br /> cihi cii phdp "A three-level approach to syntex"<br /> (sau ndy dugc tdp hgp trong vyng tgp Travaux<br /> Linguistique de Prague 1966). Theo flng, khSi<br /> nifm ndy nhdm xdc dinh nhung biin dli ciia<br /> mft miu cdu chuin d l tgo n€n nhihig bien tiie<br /> ciia chiing tren co s6 phan tich binh dien to<br /> chOc phdt ngdn. Sau d6 cdc trudng phu C^<br /> tnic, Tgo sinh va Cht>c ndng diu co nhihig (pm<br /> tam khdc nhau tdi hifn tugng ngon ng& nay. Tir<br /> diem nhin Chiie ndng lugn, K. Lambercht dd c6<br /> nhihig kiln giai sau sdc vl bien the d cap d§:<br /> cdu, md rfng nhihig ^ tudng ban dau ciia<br /> Dane§. Ong diing thugt ngfl' "Allosentence" vdi<br /> n^Ta "Id cdc biiu hiin bi mdt cda mpt m?iih<br /> de tuong duong nhau vi ngie nghm nhieng khdc<br /> nhau vi mat hinh thiec vd dung ftpc"<br /> [Lambrecht 1994: 39]. Nhieu nhd ng&hpc danh<br /> gid Lambrecht la ngudi k l tyc cong vifc bj b6<br /> dd ciia DaneS nhu Joybrato Mukheqee (2001),<br /> Thomas Hoffinann & CJraeme Trousdale<br /> (2013), nhung chung tfli cho i ^ g Lambrecht c6<br /> vai trfl quan trgng trong vifc dinh Wnh cung<br /> nhu phdt trien khdi nifm biin the d cap dp cau.<br /> Lambercht nhdn manh nhihig tdc dfng tryc tilp<br /> cua cau true thong tin d6i vdi biin the d cap d§<br /> cdu: "Su khdc nhau trong cdu trdc thdng tin<br /> cUa cdu ludn duprc hiiu nhu Id s^ tuang phdn<br /> giiea cdc biin thi..." [Lambrecht 1994: 10] hay<br /> "Trong khi cdu true hinh thdi cu phdp va ngon<br /> diiu cda cdc cdu riing ri cd thi duprc phdn tich<br /> md khdng cdn viin din cdc phgm trii cdu trk<br /> <br /> S62(244)-2016<br /> <br /> N G 6 N NGf & B(n<br /> <br /> thdng tin. thi chi cd cdu trdc thdng tin mdi cd<br /> thi gidi thich duprc s{e khdc nhau giSa cdc biin<br /> thi cda cdu.'" [Lambrecht 1994:124]. Xuat phdt<br /> tur nhung nghien ciiu v l ciu true thflng tin, flng<br /> djnh hinh co chl tgo l|p bien thi nhu Id sy hifn<br /> thye h6a mgt mfnh de trim tugng tiem an trong<br /> tdm tri ciia con ngudi. Ong quan nifm: "...cdc<br /> biin thi cd phdp thezy the diin dgt mpt m$nh di<br /> nhdt dinh tdn tgi tiim tdng..." [Lambrecht<br /> 1994: 10]. Day la sy noi dai rdt hf thong d cap<br /> df cau md Lambrecht dd ke thiia tii tmyIn<br /> tiling xdc dinh biin the am vj, biin the hinh<br /> thai. Vd d ^ bift, ong cung xdc l|p nfi hdm ciia<br /> bien the eii phdp thong qua mft nhgn dinh<br /> mang gid tri thao tdc l u ^ ve cau tnic thong tin:<br /> "Phdn tich cdu true thdng tin Id tgp trun^ vdo<br /> vi^c so sdnh cdc cdp cdu tuang duang ve ngie<br /> nghia nhung khdc nhau vi hinh thuc vd d\ing<br /> hpc." [Lambrecht 1994: 10]. Tir day, bien the d<br /> cdp dp cau - Allosentence dugc chdp n h ^ nhu<br /> la mft khdi nifm hodn chinh trong nghien cihi<br /> Ngfln ng& hpc.<br /> d Vift Nam cung dd c6 mft s6 chii y doi vdi<br /> hifn tugng cde cdu/ phdt ngfln tuong duong ve<br /> ngfl nghTa nhung khdc nhau ve hinh thiic. Cdc<br /> nhd Vift ngfl- hgc nhu Hodng Trpng Philn<br /> (1980), Ddi Xuan Ninh (1981), Nguyin HOu<br /> Chucmg (1999), v.v. ggi chung hifn tugng ndy<br /> id cau d6ng nghTa. Tuy nhifin, thiit nghT, khdi<br /> fiifm Cdu dong nghTa cdn dugc phdn tich ngi<br /> ham r5 rang trude khi d6ng nhdt vdi khdi nifm<br /> Allosentence cua nin ngfl- hgc thi gidi. Xin<br /> quan sdt vEdy sau:<br /> (1) a. Con di ngU dil<br /> b. Di ngu!<br /> c. Di ngu di. conl<br /> d. Con khdng di ngii al<br /> e. Cd di ngU khdng thi bdol<br /> Theo quan nifm ve cau d6ng nghTa ciia Vift<br /> ngii hpc, vi du (1) la nh&ng phdt ngfln cfl cung<br /> mflt nfi dung ngfl- nghTa ySu cau dira con ciia<br /> chii ngfln di ngu vdi la dugc xem nhu mgt phat<br /> ngfln chuan. Song hlnh thirc the hifn cfl thi<br /> dugc phdn thdnh hai nhflm. Nhflm 1 bao g&m<br /> lb vd le, Id nhiing phdt ngfln md hlnh thiic bieu<br /> hifn cfln bdo luu tuong doi todn v?n cau tnic cfi<br /> phdp cung nhu s\r hifn difn cfia cdc thanh th tfivyng so vdi phdt ngon chuan la. Clfln nhflm Id<br /> vd le Id nhflng phdt ngfln khdc hodn toan vl<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> 57<br /> <br /> hinh thuc, chi co si^ tuong dong ve binh difn<br /> ngii nghTa voi la. V^y bien the eu phap la hifn<br /> tugng dugc the hifn d nhom 1, d nhom 2 hay Id<br /> d ca hai nhflm? Doi vdi nhung nghien curu vl<br /> bien the d cdp dg cau, F. DaneS va K.<br /> Lambrecht deu ehi d l cgp mcr hS "khdc bift ve<br /> hinh thiic" nhung cac vi dy cua hg phdn nao the<br /> hifn quan dilm v l biin the. Biin the phdi la<br /> nhiing phat ngfln co thanh to tii v\mg eo bdn<br /> giong nhau. 6 bdi vilt ng^n ciia mhih, Danes<br /> dua ra mpt vi du ve bien the d edp dp cau Irong<br /> tieng Tif p:<br /> (2) a. Stcay ucitel - pise - u stolu - dopis synovi. (Ngudi gido vien gid - viet - tren bdn biJrc thu - eon trai/ Tren ban, ngudi gido vien<br /> gia vilt thu cho con trai)<br /> b. Ustolupise dopis story ucitel synovi,<br /> ( Tren bdn - vilt - birc thu - ngudi gido vien<br /> gia - con trai )<br /> c. U stolu plSe dopis synovi stary ucitel.<br /> (Tren ban - viet - biic thu - con trai - ngudi giao<br /> vien gia)<br /> Con Lambrecht thi phdn tfch rat nhieu vi dy<br /> nhu:<br /> (3) a. Here comes the cat (Dang den day,<br /> mft con meo).<br /> b. Here the cat comes.( Mgt con mdo dang<br /> din day).<br /> Thgm chi cd nhung cap cdu cfl bilu hifn<br /> hinh thiic tCr vyng hodn toan giong nhau vdi<br /> nhung khac bift ton tgi d ngfl- dieu van dugc<br /> Lambrecht chap nhdn la "khdc bift ve hinh<br /> thiic":<br /> (4) a. SHE is my friend. (Who is your<br /> friend?) ( CO A Y Id ban toi. (Ai Id ban cfia<br /> anh?)<br /> b. She is my FRIEND. (Who is she?) (Co ay<br /> la BAN toi. (Cfl dy la ai?)<br /> RS rang, biin thi cfia cau nfin dugc hieu la<br /> nhihig dang thirc ton tgi efl thanh to tfi- vyng ve<br /> CO bdn giong nhau, nhu nhflng gi ngfl' hpc thi<br /> gidi ngam dinh. Vdy thi nhom 1 vdi lb vd le d<br /> vi dy (1) mdi Id bien the cfia cau. Khdi nifm<br /> "tuong duong ve ng& nghTa nhung khde nhau<br /> ve hinh thiic va dyng hpc" cua Lambrecht, nlu<br /> khflng dugc cy thi hoa, se lien tilp gay ra<br /> nhung nhdm ldn ti-ong qua trinh xac lgp bien the<br /> <br /> 58<br /> <br /> NGON NGU & B O l s y m i<br /> <br /> cua cau. Bdi dinh nghia ndy hodn todn co the<br /> dugc hilu nhu quan nifm ve cdu dong nghTa<br /> trong Vift ngii hgc. Tuy nhien, nlu khflng dira<br /> vdo vgt chdt hifn difn cy thi la cdc thdnh to tii<br /> vyng thi rdt khfl dl xac dinh mflt thyc the tinh<br /> thdn trOru tugng nhu nghTa. Lam sao de biet<br /> dugc hai cdu/ phdt ngfln la tuong dflng vfi nghTa<br /> nlu khong co co sd tuong can toi thilu d mdt<br /> hinh thiic. Ddu rdng tinh than tdc dgng lam thay<br /> doi vdt chat, song vat chat vin Id co sd de tmh<br /> than khdi sinh.<br /> 3. M6i quan hf Ket hge - NghTa hpc Dyng hgc trong mgt chinh the CSu<br /> Trone khoa hgc nghien ciiu ve cdc ki hifu,<br /> nguoi dau tien nhdc tdi ba bhih difn Kit hgc,<br /> NghTa hgc, Dyng hpc Id Charles Sanders Peirce<br /> nhung cflng lao dinh hinh vai tro cfia ba binh<br /> difn trong phdn tich ki hifu cflng nhu dua ngfln<br /> ngii vdo tam diem cfia phdn ti'ch do lgi thufc ve<br /> Charles W. Morris. Tir tieu ludn 59 trang nam<br /> 1938 Foundations of tiie Theory of Signs (Thiit<br /> lgp ll thuyet ve ki hifu) cho tdi tgp chuyen<br /> Idiao do sf Writmgs on the General Theory of<br /> Signs (Nhiing bdi vilt li lu|n dgi cuong ve ki<br /> hifu) nam 1971, Morris dd nhdt qudn xdc djnh<br /> mgt mfl hinh tam phan dl nghiSn cfiu kf hifu<br /> tren nen chung cfia ngdnh ki hifu hpc<br /> (Semiotics). Mfl hinh ay vdi ba binh dien Ket<br /> hpc, NghTa hpc, Dyng hpc nhu ba goc dp soi<br /> chiiu mft ki hifu. Ngfln ngft dugc Saussure<br /> chiing minh la mfit hf th6ng ki hifu. Boi vay,<br /> nhihig thdnh tim trong nghien ciiu ki hifu hpc<br /> dugc cdc nha ngfln ngii hgc, dac bift la trudng<br /> phdi chiic nang lugn, tiep noi ap dyng trift de<br /> trong nhiing n ^ i e n ciiu ciia minh. Vd cdu, vdi<br /> tu cdch mpt don vj co to chiic hodn chinh,<br /> nhdm trayin tai mft nfli dung trgn V9n dl ddm<br /> bdo vai trfl giao tiep. Id mft bilu thiJK; ngon<br /> ngfl', hem bat Id bilu thiic ndo hit, can/ phdi<br /> dugc mo hinh ba binh difn ciia ki hifu hpc<br /> xem xet. Du rdng da co rdt nhilu cong trinh<br /> nghiSn ciiu cfi phdp hpc, dua li lugn ki hifu<br /> hpc dl phan tich cau nhung moi quan hf cfia ba<br /> binh difn dy trong mft chfi till - Cau, vln can<br /> thSm nhflng thdo lugn.<br /> Ket hgc (Syntactics) dugc Morris quan nifm<br /> Id sy lien hf giiia ki hifu vdi nhiing ki hifu<br /> <br /> So Z (Z44)-ZUI6<br /> <br /> 1!<br /> <br /> khde. Trong nghiSn eiiu mgt ki hifu bat ky,<br /> bhih difn kit hpc tgp trung lam rS m6i quan h^<br /> hlnh thiic giiia cac ki hifu trong cdu trfic. d<br /> phgm vi don vi edu, kit hgc thi hifn d rdt nhi^u<br /> khuynh hudng khdc nhau vdi nhirng giai phap<br /> mieu ta da dgng vl t6 chirc cdu tao cua cau<br /> cung nhu nhflng kiln giai phong phu phan tfch<br /> cau nhu mpt cdu trfic cua nhiing thdnh phSn<br /> bilu dgt cy thi. Con vdi binh difn Nghia hijc<br /> (Semantics), Morris xdc dinh moi quan hf r^g<br /> bufc giiia kf hifu va nhiing doi tugng ngodi Id<br /> hifu. tfng dyng bhih difn nghTa hgc trong<br /> nghien c&u cau, cde nhd ngfln ngii hpc quM<br /> tam den nhthig ngi dung cfia thi gidi thirc 1?i<br /> (cfl the hiiu hinh hogc vo hinh) dugc con ngu&i<br /> phdn anh trong cdu. Va cuoi cimg, theo Moms,<br /> binh difn Dyng hgc (Pragmatics) quan tdm t^<br /> sgi day liSn kit giiia ki hifu vdi con nguM.<br /> Binh difn ndy nghien cfin su tdc dflng cua<br /> ngudi dung vd cdu, vdi tu each Id mft ki hi^u<br /> cfia hf thong ngon ngii trong ngfl- canh giao tiep<br /> cy till. Noi each khdc, dyng hgc trong nghien<br /> Cliu ngfln ngii kham pha each ngfln ngu' dupc<br /> con ngudi s i dyng hudng tdi nhiing myc dich<br /> cy till trong hifn thyc.<br /> Tuy nhien, tu trudc tdi nay, cdc nghiSn ciru<br /> ngfln ngii hgc chfi ylu xem xSt ki hifu ngon<br /> ngft tii ba goc nhin bift ldp. Dudng nhu moi<br /> binh difn tu hoach dinh cho minh nhifm vu<br /> cung cdp trgn v?n nhiing dgc trung co bdn cua<br /> ki hifu trSn timg phuong difn: cau tnic hinh<br /> thiic cua kit hpc, nfli dung y nghia cfia nghia<br /> hpc va gia tri trong sii dyng cua dyng hgc.<br /> Song nhiing d$c tnmg ca ban ay, chi rdi r^,<br /> tiing phan ma ft cfl su lien kit tdc dgng qua l?i<br /> lah nhau. Xudt phat tir nhiing phan tich md Do<br /> Hihi Chdu (1993) trinh bdy ve si; tiiong hgp<br /> (integarting, integrant) efia ngii dyng bao triini<br /> vd chi phoi ngii phap va ngft nghia, vfli ca sit<br /> cho rdng mSi ki hifu la mft chinh till toan v?n,<br /> chfing tfli xem xet don vi ngfln ngft Cdu bSng<br /> dudng hudng tiep can ba binh difn nghiSn cfiu<br /> ki hifu nhu sy tong hfla trong mft nhdt thi. C§u<br /> hfli dat ra la: Kit hge, NghTa hge vd Dyng hgc<br /> cfl nhung m6i quan hf nhu the nao trong cung<br /> mgt don vi Cau? hay Cau dugc hhih thdnh nhir<br /> <br /> So2(244Vj016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC* & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> the nao qua nhflng moi quan hf tdc dfng cfia ba<br /> binh difn trSn?<br /> Ngfln ngft la mgt sdn phdm tiiufc ve loai<br /> i^udi vdi hai chfitc nang quan trgng: cflng cu<br /> cua tu duy vd phuong tifn cua giao tilp. Do do,<br /> nhifm vy toi tiiugng, Ie ton tgi duy nhdt eua hf<br /> fliong ki hifu ndy la Bilu dat ^ nghTa nhu B.<br /> Whorf da kit ludn: "thuc chdt ciia ngdn ngir<br /> hpc chinh la tim hiiu nghia" [din theo Hodng<br /> Phe 2003: 90]. "Tinh cd npi dung hay tinh cd<br /> nghTa (semanticity), ndi chung thudng du^c<br /> xem Id mdt trong nhiing ddc tnmg diing di dinh<br /> nghia ngdn ngi?' [Lyons 1995 - Nguyen Vdn<br /> Hifp dich: 30]. Binh difn NghTa hgc sS Id dilm<br /> khdi phdt cfia tdt ed mgi qud trinh kien ldp eau.<br /> De chi tilt hfla, cdc nha ngft hgc bdy lau nay da<br /> sfi dyng khdi nifm nghia mieu td, hay nghTa<br /> bilu hifn, nghTa kinh nghifm, nghTa sy tinh,<br /> thgm chi td ngfln lifu nhu Ch. Bally. NghTa<br /> miSu td dugc hilu Id su phdn dnh chan thye ngi<br /> dung mpt sy tinh cua thi gidi khdch quan. Nfl<br /> gan gfli vdi quan nifm ve dilu kifn chdn trj cfia<br /> ngft nghTa hlnh thiie vd eung dugc Stephen C.<br /> Levinson (1983) chia se trong no lye phdn bift<br /> ngft nghTa vd ngft dyng. Tuy nhien, nghia<br /> khflng thi t6n tgi hu vo, nh5m the hifn nhihig<br /> dac trung cfia syr tinh, rdt edn efl hinh thiic de<br /> nghTa nuong tya. Vi IS dy, Kit hgc Id hinh thftc<br /> bieu hifn cfia nfi dung nghTa hgc. J. Lyons<br /> nhgn djnh: "...mdc du phdn ldn cdu trdc ngie<br /> phdp cua ngdn ngfe tu nhiin Id vo dodn. chung<br /> vdn mang tinh phdng hinh" [Lyons 1995 Nguyin VSn Hifp djch: 31] voi nh$n thiic vl<br /> phong hlnh Id: "su tuang ddng giiea hinh thiec<br /> cda tin hiiu vd n0i dung md nd biiu thr [Lyons<br /> 1995 - Nguyin Vdn Hifp dich: 31]. Mfl hlnh vi<br /> tft Id trung tdm va cdc tham the bj chi phoi xung<br /> quanh no cfia nghTa hgc dugc chiiu thdnh cdu<br /> trfic hinh thiJK;. Cau trfic ket hgc ndy cflng dimg<br /> nhihig thugt ngft dd dugc ngfl' phdp eo dien djnh<br /> hinh thdnh quen thugc nhung mang mft nfi<br /> ham gid trj khdc. N I U ngft phdp tmyIn tiiong<br /> coi Chfi ngii - Vi ngft tuong ftng vdi chu thi (SSubject) vd vj dieu (P-Predicat) cfia mfnh dl<br /> logic thi xuat phdt tft mo hinh nghia hpc md eac<br /> tdc gid, khdi ddu tft L.Tesnidre cho tdi<br /> Ch.Fillmore, co gdng tdch ngfln ngft hgc ra khfli<br /> <br /> 59<br /> <br /> nhthig dnh hudng trilt hgc ay. Vi Id "bflng<br /> hinh" phan chiiu tft nghia hge nSn kit hgc<br /> khuon minh vdo mflt cdu trfie co dinh Chu ngft<br /> - V] ngft - B 6 ngft (- Trgng ngft). Trong dfl, Vi<br /> ngft tuong img vdi vi tft trung tam, Chu ngft vd<br /> Bo ngft Id nhiing mfl phong cua diln to, con<br /> thdnh phan tfiy ^ chu to duge xac djnh Id Trgng<br /> ngft. Tuy nhien, cau trfic cfi phap cfia cdu dugc<br /> xem xet tft binh difn kit hpc nay vin chi Id<br /> dgng t6n tgi tiiiu tugng, dugc sdp xIp ti-ong tu<br /> tudng cfia mft cgng dong ngudi. De dua cau<br /> vao hoat dgng giao tilp can thiet phdi efl su<br /> tham gia cfia nhiing npi dung Ihufc vl Dyng<br /> hpc. Mft sy tinh diln ra tnrdc mdt con ngucri,<br /> vd hg ngay Idp tiic thau nhgn vdo nSo bf nhu<br /> mgt trdi nghifm cfia bdn thdn, 6e r^i mfl phflng<br /> Igi chinh sy tinh bdng ngfln tft. Song ndng lyc<br /> cfia moi cd nhan la khac nhau, vl v^y sy tii<br /> nhan cfia moi cd nhdn doi vdi sy tinh Id khdc<br /> nhau. D6ng thfli v(5i do la nhung nhgn dinh ve<br /> su tinh cfia hg ciing khac nhau kto theo vifc till<br /> hifn tinh thdi doi vdi m5i hiSn thyc khdch quan<br /> vo Cling da dang vd phong phfi. Ro rang, co<br /> nhieu trudng hgp cung mpt sy tinh hifn thyc<br /> nhung dugc khfic xa qua lang kinh n h ^ thftc ca<br /> nhan tgo nen nhiing khac bift, cfl thi Id chdc<br /> chdn, CO thi Id hodi nghi, v.v. tfiy theo miic df<br /> cam ket ve khd ndng chan thyc cfia sy tinh x^t<br /> vl mgt nhgn thftc hogc ciing cfl the Id dong<br /> thugn, do dy hay phdn khang, v.v. phy thufc<br /> vdo thai dg ddnh gid su tinh dugc nhdc tdi tren<br /> Igp trudng dao nghia. Nhdn to con ngudi da<br /> dinh vi tinh thdi nen thuge ve binh difn dyng<br /> hgc. Song nhflng bilu hifn cfia tinh thdi vin<br /> gdn chdt vdi nfi dung mfnh de cua nghTa hgc<br /> hudng tdi mfl hlnh edu trim tugng phdn dnh<br /> trpn v?n sy tinh cfia the gidi khdch quan bdng<br /> nhdn thftc chu quan cfia con ngudi. Nhdm thfic<br /> ddy qua trinh chuyin bien cdu tft nhflng ton tgi<br /> truu tugng thdnh nhflng hifn thyc nfli ndng,<br /> dyng hgc Id mft chuoi nhfing tdc dfng dam<br /> nhifm vai trfl cdu noi giiia ngudi sft dyng vdi<br /> ki hifu. Phgm vl nghien cftu cfia ngft dyng hpc<br /> rat da dgng vd phong phu, song hai nfi dung<br /> quan trgng dugc cdc nha ngft hgc chfi y trong<br /> nghien ciiu cu phdp Id myc di'ch phdt ngfln va<br /> cau trfic thflng tin. N I U myc dich phdt ngfln gdn<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & B(n<br /> <br /> 60<br /> <br /> So 2 (244)-2016<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> voi lyc ngon trung dugc J.L. Austin (1962), J. cdnh giao tilp chi la qud trinh hifn thyc hfla ciia<br /> Searle (1969) va cdc tdc gid sau ndy ban luan mft cdu, ma fing hg nhdn dinh cua J.Lyons:<br /> tiong khung Ii thuyet Hanh dflng ngfln tii "khdng cd hai phdt ngdn ndo khdc nhau vi tr^t<br /> (Speech Acts) tdp tinng phan tich nhu cau tu tie... lgi cd thi Id nhitng dgng thuc cM cw^g<br /> tuong tdc xa hfli dnh hudng tdi cau trim tugng mpt cdu" [Lyons 1995 - Nguyin Vdn Hi^<br /> (xdc dinh kilu cau) vd san phdm phdt ngfln hifn dich:172]. Tuy nhien, hg cung lufhig ly: 'WgftEj;<br /> tiiyc (trong chiiu kich cfia nhflng hanh dgng cA(i di trudc het, neu khongphdi hodn torn, la<br /> bdng Ifli) thi ngi dung tdc dflng nhieu b5i qud vdn de cua nghfa phdt ngdn" [Lyons 1995 trinh hifn thyc hfla cau tiftu tugng Id cdu tiftc Nguyin Vdn Hifp dich: 172] hay "...bin cgnh<br /> thflng tin. Vdi nhiem vy xde lap tiSu diem thong phdn nghia duprc coi la nghTa cua cdu (chu yiu<br /> bao, cau trfic cfl nguon g6c tft H thuylt phdn phdn nghta duprc xdc dinh thdng qua diiu kiin<br /> doan thuc tgi nay nhdn mgnh chfi dl cdn trayin chdn tri ciia cdu) thi nghlh chd di chU yiu lit,<br /> dgt cfia cau. Vi nhung yeu cdu giao tilp khac vdn di cua phdt ngdn, tiec la logi nghfa thu$c<br /> nhau, tiieo tiing ngft cdiJi giao tiep cy the, vifc phgm vi dung hpc..." [Nguyen Vdn Hifp 2008:<br /> lya chgn doi tugng idm tieu diem thflng bdo 195]. Cau chuyfn thupc ve binh difn r ^ I a hgc<br /> thfic day qua trinh tdi cdu tnic Igi mfl hinh tiiiu hay dyng hgc cfta thao tdc xdc dinh tiSu diem<br /> tugng ma kit hgc da sdp xep tft sy dnh xa ciia chu de can duge dya vdo bdn chat, gia trj chfic<br /> n'^a. hgc, dyng hpc de tgo thdnh nhiing biin nang md nfl bilu dgt chft khflng phai nhflng ti€n<br /> thi phdt ngon trong ddi sing ngfln ngfl- hiSn nghifm vl logi hinh. Vifc xdc dinh chu de cua<br /> tiiyc. Dl nhien, hifn nay trong nghien cftu ngon cau trong dfli s6ng giao tilp hifn thuc n£n<br /> ngft hpc, vin cfln nhftng tranh ludn vl nfi dung thugc vl phgm vi cfia dyng hpc bdi chu dl ldb$<br /> xdc djnh chu de cfia cau thufc binh difn nghTa phgn (thdnh phan ndg do cfia cau trfic) ngir6i<br /> hpc hay dyng hpc. Vi du nhu NguySn Vdn Hifp dfing muon nhdn manh trong mft phat ngon<br /> quan niem: '"'^nghia chii di cd the dupc coi la hifn thyc, hoan toan tuong ftng vdi moi quaa<br /> thupc vi nghta ciia edit' INguyln Vdn Hifp hf giu'a ngufli sft dyng vd ki hifu cfia cdch tilp<br /> 2008: 195] bdi xudt phdt tii dac tiimg loai hinh cgn binh difn dyng hgc theo Ii ludn vl ki hifu<br /> ngfln ngft dcm Idp khflng bien hinh md ong hgc.<br /> khflng chap nhgn sy thay doi trgt ty tft do ngft<br /> Tom lai, cfl the hhih dung qud trinh tft Ific hinh thdnh mft cdu triiu tugng den khi vgn df ng de<br /> hifn fliuc thanh mgt phat ngfln cy thi, vdi tu cdch mft ki hifu la mpt chu§i nhiing hogt dflng tirong<br /> tdc de cai bien trong mil quan hf ba binh difn Kit hgc - NghTa hgc - Dyng hgc theo mfl hinh sau:<br /> <br /> f<br /> <br /> --____^^ PH.<br /> DVNG HQC<br /> Myc dfch phdt ngdn<br /> <br /> NGHiA H p c<br /> NOi dung<br /> sytlnh<br /> DVNG HQC<br /> Ttah thai<br /> <br /> y<br /> KET HQC<br /> cdu tnic<br /> Hinh thi'rc<br /> <br /> V<br /> k..<br /> <br /> / /y ' I —DVNG HQC<br /> \<br /> <br /> C^u trdc thdng tin<br /> <br /> \l J<br /> )<br /> <br />