Quan hệ thương mại, đầu tư Việt Nam - Hàn Quốc và vấn đề nhập siêu của Việt Nam

QUAN HE THUONG MAI, DAU TIT VIET NAM - HAN QUOC VA VAN DE NHAP<br /> SIEU CUA VIET NAM<br /> »<br /> N G U Y I N H6NG NHUNG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Trao doi hang hoa Viet Nam - Han tuang doi Idn. Trong giai doan nay, kim<br /> Quoc giai doan 1992-2008 ngach trao ddi hai ehilu da tang 21 lin, vdi<br /> 1.1. Kim ngach trao doi tdc do tang Irudng Irung binh nam la 43,4%,<br /> Quan he thuong mai Viet Nam va Han trong dd tdc do lang trudng kim ngach nhap<br /> Qudc dugc bat dau lir nam 1983 va duge khau Irung binh cua Viel Nam tir Han Qudc<br /> phai trien rat manh sau nam 1992, khi hai tang nhanh horn xuat khiu cua Viet Nam<br /> nude ehinh thue thiet lap quan he ngoai giao. sang Han Qudc (57,9% so vdi 34,4%). Do<br /> Qua eae sd lieu thdng ke cd the de dang dd, Viel Nam ludn bj nhap sieu va mire nhap<br /> nhan Ihay mpt dgc diem dgc trung nhdt sieu ludn gia tang tir 2,3 Irieu USD nam<br /> trong quan he thuong mgi song phuong giiia 1983 len 48 trieu USD nam 1988 va 378,8<br /> hai mrdc ndy la kim nggeh trao doi duge gia Irieu USD nam 1992. Tuy nhien, can ghi<br /> tdng lien tue vd Viet Nam luon d trong tinh nhan rang mire lang Irudng xuat khau Irung<br /> trgng nhap sieu. Tuy nhien, ed the chia qua binh nam ciia Viet Nam sang thj Irudng Han<br /> trinh phat trien cua mdi quan he nay ra lam Qudc giai doan 1983-1992 khdng phai la<br /> bai giai doan: lir nam 1983-1992 va lir 1993 nhd. Dua Iren sd lieu Ihdng ke trong Nien<br /> den nay. giam Tbdng ke Viel Nam, ldc do tang Irudng<br /> a) Giai dogn 1983-1992. Trong giai doan xuat khau ciia Viet Nam ra nudc ngoai Irong<br /> nay, trao ddi thuong mai giira Viet Nam va giai doan ndi tren ehi dai 17,7% "*. Nhu vay,<br /> Han Qudc chu yeu la budn ban dan gian, vdi ldc do tang Irudng xual khau gap ddi<br /> chua cd hanh lang phap ly dam bao, do hai mire trung binh, xual khau sang Han Qudc<br /> nude chua thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi tuy kim ngach khdng 1dm, nhung tdc do tang<br /> nhau. Can eu vao cac sd lieu cd trong bang trudng la rat ngoan muc. Nd tao da cho sir<br /> 1, cd the thay rd hai dac trung co ban trong phat triln quan he song phuong Irong giai<br /> quan he Ihuong mai giira hai nudc la: toe dp doan sau khi hai nudc chinh thirc thiet lap<br /> phdt trien khd cao va ty le nhap sieu eiia quan he ngoai giao vao cudi nam 1992.<br /> Viet Nam tren tong kim nggeh hai ehieu<br /> '" Tinh theo s6 lieu trich din cua V8 Hung Dung trong<br /> bai "Ngogi thuong Viet Nam tic 1991-2000: nhung thanh<br /> luu va suy nghT', dang tren "Nghien ciJru icinh te", so 293,<br /> Vien Kinh te' va Chfnh tri The' gidi thang 10/2002, tr.3.<br /> <br /> <br /> NGHIIN cdru odNo B^C ^. sd i(i07) 1-2010 35<br />  Nghien cdru khoa hpc<br /> <br /> Bang 1: Kim ngach xuit nhap khau Viet Nam-Han Quoc<br /> giai doan 1983-1992<br /> Donvi: 1.000 USD, %<br /> 1<br /> Nam Can can thycng mai Nhap khau Xuat khau<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> Kim ngach Tang/giam Kim ngach \ Tang/ giam Kim ngach j Tang/giam<br /> 1983 22.809 - 12.544 - 10.265 -<br /> <br /> 1984 31.809 39,5 24.039 91,6 7.770 -24,3<br /> 1985 26.688 - 16,1 15.055 -37,4 11.633 49,7<br /> 1986 61.217 129,4 34.850 131,5 26.367 126,7<br /> 1<br /> <br /> 1987 54.629 - 10,8 38.545 10,6 16.084 -39<br /> 1988 75.732 38,6 61.881 60,5 13.851 -13,9<br /> 1989 86.770 14,6 44.891 -27,5 41.879 202,4<br /> 1990 150.205 73.1 116.825 160,2 33.380 -20,3<br /> 1991 240.102 59,8 198.948 70,3 41.154 23,3<br /> 1992 493.515 105,5 436.182 119,2 57.333 39,3<br /> Trung<br /> binh 43,4 34,4<br /> nam<br /> <br /> Chii thich: Tdc do lang / giam dugc linh dua tren cac sd lieu ve xuat khau va nhap khau<br /> trong bang.<br /> Ngudn: Korea International Trade Associations (www.kita.org) , :<br /> b) Giai dogn 1993-2008, K I tir Ihang 12- dirng thir 6 trong sd cac ban hang cd kim<br /> 1992 khi hai nudc thill lap quan he ngoai ngach budn ban Idn nhat vdi Viet Nam sau<br /> giao, quan he thuong mai giira hai nude Nbal Ban, Trung Qudc, Singapore, Dai Loan<br /> ngay cang phat triln. Do cd sir lang trudng va My *^'.<br /> rit ngoan muc sau nam 2003, kim ngach<br /> xuit nhap khiu hai ehieu Viel Nam - Han<br /> Qudc Irong giai doan 1993-2008 da lang gap<br /> 15,2 lin (tir 0,58 ty USD len tren 8,85 ly<br /> USD,) vdi tdc do tang trudng Irung binh<br /> nam la 21,3%. Thuc te dd da dua Han Qudc<br /> (2)<br /> Theo Thong ke Hai quan cua Tong cue Hai quan.<br /> <br /> 36 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010<br /> Nghien cdu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> Bang 2: Kim ngach xuit nhap khiu Viet Nam- Han Qudc<br /> giai doan 1993-2008<br /> Don vi: Trieu USD, %<br /> Tong trao doi Xuat khau Nhap khau Can can th irong mai<br /> Nam Kim Tang/ Kim Tang/ Kim Tang/ % so tong kim<br /> ngach giam ngach Gia trj<br /> giam ngach giam ngach<br /> 1993 581,7 17.8 99,8 74,2 481,9 10,5 -382.0 65.67<br /> 1994 816,2 40.3 88,8 - 11,1 727.4 50.9 -638.6 78.25<br /> 1995 1.503,0 84.1 152.0 71.2 1.351.0 85,7 -1.199.0 79.77<br /> 1996 1.666,0 10,8 216.0 42,1 1.450.0 7,3 -1.234.0 74.07<br /> 1997 1.908,3 14,5 352.0 62.9 1.556,3 7.3 -1.204.3 63,11<br /> 1998 1.653,0 - 13,4 230,2 -34,6 1.422,8 -8,6 -1.192.7 72.15<br /> 1999 1.760,2 6,5 319,9 38,9 1.440.3 1.2 -1.120.4 63.65<br /> 2000 2.082,1 18,3 351.9 10.0 1.730.2 20.1 -1.378.3 66,20<br /> 2001 2.299,6 10,4 406.1 15,4 1.893.5 9.4 -1.487,4 64.68<br /> 2002 2.751,5 19,6 466,0 14,7 2.285.5 20.7 -1.819,5 66.13<br /> 2003 3.116,6 13,3 492,2 5,6 2.624,4 14,8 -2.132,2 68.41<br /> 2004 3967,5 27,3 608.1 23,5 3359.4 28.0 -2.751.3 69.34<br /> 2005 4257,7 7.3 663,6 9.1 3594.1 7,0 -2.930.5 68.83<br /> 2006 4751,3 11,6 842,9 27.1 3908.4 8,7 -3.065.5 64.52<br /> 2007 6583,8 38,5 1243,4 47,5 5340.4 36.6 -4.097,0 62.23<br /> 2008 8850,7 34,4 1874.4 50,4 7066.3 32.3 -5.281.9 59,67<br /> Trung<br /> binh 21,3 27,9 20.7<br /> nam<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Thong ke Hdi quan cua Tong cue Hdi quan cho so lieu cdc nam 1993-2003 vd tir<br /> wwM'.moit.gov.vn eho cdc ndm 2004-08<br /> <br /> Tuy vay, tir cac sd lieu trong bang 2 cd nhan lao nen sir gia lang nay la ddng FDI tir<br /> the thay rang mire gia tang kim ngach trao Han Qudc vao Viel Nam tang manh trong<br /> ddi, bao gdm ea xual khau va nhap khau, nhirng nam 1993-1996 va 2002-2006, keo<br /> trong giai doan tren la khdng ddng deu. Trir Iheo sir gia lang nhap khau may mdc va thiel<br /> mdt nam ed mire tang trudng am va vai nam bj, cung nhu cac dau vao khac phuc vu cho<br /> cd mire lang vdi mdt con sd, da sd cac nam cac CO sd dugc dau tu.<br /> cdn lai d mire 10-20%, rieng cac nam 1994- Dua Iren cac sd lieu trong bang 2, ed the<br /> 1995 va 2007-2008, tdc do tang trudng cao nhan thiy mdt dac diim nira trong budn ban<br /> hon han, luong irng d mire 40,3%, 84,1% va hai ehilu Viel Nam - Han Qudc. Dd la tdc<br /> 38,5% va 34,4%. Mgi trong nhirng nguyen do tang Irudng ciia kim ngach xuat khau va<br /> <br /> NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010 37<br />  Nghien citu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> nhap khau luong ddi ddng nhjp (tuc ciing lieu thuc vat khac. Hai nhdm hang cd ty<br /> lang hoac ciing giam) Irong giai doan 1993- trgng 1dm khac la nhdm hang che lao dugc<br /> 2008, Mdi diem khac quan trgng so vdi giai phan loai dua tren nguyen lieu (chilm<br /> doan 1983-1992 la mire do chenh lech giira 24,59%) va nhdm eae mat hang che tao khac<br /> ldc do tang trudng xuat khau va nhap khau (chilm 16,68%)). Trong nhirng nhdm mat<br /> khdng nhiimg dugc giam dan, ma ldc do lang hang nay, ed kim ngach dang ke la hang del<br /> trudng xual khau cdn dat cao hon so vdi may, Ihile, san phim gd va mdt sd hang dan<br /> nhap khau Irong nhieu nam va lien tue tir lat nhu rd ra, ehilu... Trong nam nay, mat<br /> nam 2004 Ird lai day. Tuy nhien, Viet Nam hang thuy san mdi chi chiem 9,39% kim<br /> van ludn bj nhap sieu trong quan he budn ngach xuit khiu. Qua co cau hang hda cua<br /> ban vdi Han Qudc va mue nhap sieu van Viel Nam xuit khiu sang Han Qudc nam<br /> ludn gia lang lir 382,4 trieu USD nam 1993 1993, cd thi thiy nudc ta mdi chi xuat chii<br /> len gin 1,2 ty USD nam 1998 va 2,13 ty ylu la nguyen lieu thd va so che, cac mat<br /> USD nam 2003 va len tdi 5,28 ty USD nam hang chi tao cd ham lugng lao dgng cao,<br /> 2008, tuong img chilm 40,7%, 56,1%, 42% ham lugng cdng nghe va ham lugng vdn<br /> va 29,3% tdng Iham hut cua ca nude. Nhiing thap.<br /> sd lieu nay cho Ihay Iham hut Ihuong mai Nam 1997, co eau hang hda xuat khau ciia<br /> ciia Viel nam vdi Han Qudc luy gia tang Viet Nam sang Han Qudc da ed thay ddi<br /> dang ke ve gia Irj song ly Irgng cua nd trong dang ke. Nhdm hang nguyen lieu va nhien<br /> tdng Iham hut Ihuong mai cua Viet nam vdi lieu van cd kim ngach dn djnh (khoang ban<br /> tat ca eae ban hang lai giaim dang ke. 30 Irieu USD) nhung chi cdn chiem ty trgng<br /> 13,3% Irong tdng kim ngach xuat khau sang<br /> 1.2. Ca cdu hdng hod Irao ddi<br /> Han Qudc. Trong nhdm nay, co cau mat<br /> a) Ca cdu hdng xuat khau<br /> hang ciing cd Ihay ddi, vdi mat hang xuat<br /> Trong giai doan 1992-2008, co cau hang<br /> khau ed kim ngach Idn nhat la dau thd (15<br /> hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam sang Han Qudc<br /> Irieu USD), ngoai ra cdn cd than (4 trieu<br /> da ed nhung chuyen bien tich cue* * Iheo<br /> USD), nguyen lieu thuc vat de lam thudc,<br /> hudng giam dan ty trgng hang nguyen lieu,<br /> Idng va da ddng vat. Thuy san van tiep tuc d<br /> lang dan ty Irgng hang hda che tao. Tuy<br /> muc khiem tdn, chi chiem ty trgng 7,58%.<br /> nhien, phan 1dm trong sd hang che lao xual<br /> Ty trgng cac mat hang ndng san tang len, dat<br /> khau sang Han Qudc deu la hang hda cd gia<br /> 7,15% so vdi 2,49% nam 1993. Trong nhdm<br /> Irj gia lang thap va thudc nhdm hang duge hang ndng san, Viet Nam xuat chu yeu la ca<br /> phan loai dua Iren nguyen lieu. phe va san lat. Thay ddi ro nhat la nhdm<br /> Nam 1993, nhdm hang nguyen lieu Ihd va hang che tao, tang ty trgng tir 42,37% nam<br /> nhien lieu chiem 35,26% kim ngach xual 1993 len 64,3% nam 1997. Trong nhdm<br /> khau, chu yeu bao gdm than, cao su, mdi sd hang nay, nhirng mat hang cd kim ngach<br /> loai gd, cat thach anh, sgi det va cac nguyen dang ke la hang det may, thilt bj va dung cu<br /> dien, linh kien dien tir vien thdng (loa, dien<br /> '•'^ Co cau xuat khau va nhap khau dugfc phan tich dua<br /> tren phan loai hang hoa theo ma SITC va ma HS.<br /> thoai, may ghi hinh,...), tu dien, tui xaeh, dd<br /> <br /> 38 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl, sd 1(107) 1-2010<br /> Nghien cdu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> ndi that, giay dep, dd choi, dd the thao, khau Ihuy san cua Han Qudc lir Viel Nam<br /> chieu. Nhu vay la den nam 1997, eo eau nam 2000 dai 72 Irieu USD, gip 4 lin nam<br /> hang hda xuat khau cua Viel Nam sang Han 1997, chilm ly trgng 22,32% trong tdng kim<br /> Qudc da chuyen djch theo hudng lang dan ngach nhap khau eiia Han Qudc lir Viet<br /> nhiimg mat hang ed ham lugng cdng nghe, Nam.<br /> xual hien Ihem nhieu mat hang mdi ed kim Nam 2000, hang ndng san liep tue lang dn<br /> ngach cao nhu Ihiel bj va dung cu dien, lu djnh vdi hai mat hang chinh la san lat (21<br /> dien, linh kien dien tir vien Ihdng, giay trieu USD) va ca phe (17 Irieu USD). Kit<br /> dep,... Nhirng mat hang xuat khau ciia Viel qua xuil khiu sin lat la mdt vi du rat dang<br /> Nam cd ham lugng cdng nghe cao trong giai ghi nhan Irong bdi canh Han Qudc ap dung<br /> doan nay chu yeu la bang gia cdng, lap rap chi do bao hd chat che ddi vdi hang ndng<br /> tir eae doanh nghiep ed vdn dau tu nudc san. Cac mat bang rau qua khac Ihudc<br /> ngoai. Tuy vay, dd eiing la mdt budc phat chuong 7 va chuong 8, Han Qudc rit ban<br /> triln Irong xuil khiu cua nudc la, khi so ebl nhap khiu va dac biel cdn ap dung che<br /> sanh vdi nam 1993 chi xual khau cac san do diu Ihiu han ngach ddi vdi mat bang gao<br /> phim thd, so ebl hoac sir dung lao ddng gian Ihudc chuong 10. Xuit khiu sin lat khdng<br /> dan. nhiing gdp phin nang cao kim ngach xuat<br /> Nam 2000, co ciu hang hda xuat khiu ciia khiu ma cdn giai quyel van de xa hdi ddi vdi<br /> Viel Nam sang Han Qudc liep tue dugc Ibay nhirng ngudi ndng dan thudc eae tinh mien<br /> ddi vdi viec Ihuy san vuon len trd thanh mdi Trung la khu vuc canh lac sin de che biln va<br /> Irong nhirng nhdm mat hang ed ty trgng Idn xuit kh5u sang Han Qudc.<br /> nhil Irong tdng kim ngach xuat khau. Ke lir Ty trgng nhdm hang nguyen, nhien lieu<br /> nam 1999, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam da thd giam xudng chi cdn 6,85% do Viet Nam<br /> bit diu tilp can dugc vdi thj trudng hang khdng xuil khiu diu thd sang Han Qudc va<br /> thuy san Han Qudc, mdi Ihj Irudng cd nhu kim ngach xuil khiu than tiep tuc giam chi<br /> ciu Idn, Irong khi san lugng danh bat Irong cdn khoang gin 3 Irieu USD. Trong khi dd,<br /> nudc lien tuc suy giam. San lugng danh bat kim ngach cac mat hang nguyen lieu da ed<br /> ndi dja cua Han Qudc nam 1999 dat 2,9 Irifu tir nhiing nam Irudc van dn djnh. Ty Irgng<br /> lin, sang nam 2000 chi cdn 2,5 tri?u lan nhdm bang nguyen nhien lieu edn giii' duge<br /> trong khi nhu ciu Irong nudc tuong ddi cao. mire gin 7% la do ed them mat bang cao su<br /> Theo dilu Ira, mdi nam mdi ngudi Han Qudc cua Viel Nam xuil sang Han Qudc. Ty trgng<br /> lieu thu khoang 33 kg hang Ihuy san va con nhdm hang ebl tao sau khi dai muc cao nhat<br /> sd nay du kiln se edn tilp tuc tang. Vi vay, Irong nam 1997 da giam din, edn khoang<br /> Idng kim ngach nhap khiu thuy san ciia Han 55% trong nam 2000 nhung kim ngach van<br /> Qudc tang tir 1,11 ly USD nam 1999 len lang. Trong sd cac mat hang che tao xual<br /> 1,34 ly USD nam 2000'^\ Kim ngach nhap hien them nhilu mat hang mdi nhu dd gdm<br /> su, may phat dien, day dien va day cap dien,<br /> bdng den hinh, mach lich hgp. Hang giay<br /> '^' Republic of Korea-Fishery Products Annual 2001, U.S.<br /> dep lang virng. Hang del may chimg kien hai<br /> Embassy in Seoul.<br /> NQHllN Cdru DdNG B^C fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010<br /> - ^39<br />  Nghien citu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> xu the Irai chieu nhau. Trong khi hang del<br /> i<br /> ndng san va may mdc va thiet bj van tai tang<br /> (vai, sgi) cd dau hieu giam xudng do san nhe, so vdi nam 2000. Tuy nhien, neu xeni<br /> pham lam ra chuyen sang phuc vu nhu cau xet chi liel ban eo ciu xuit khau cua Viet<br /> Irong nudc Ihi hang may mac lai lang manh, Nam sang Han Quoc nam 2003 se thiy cd<br /> dai 38,2 Irieu USD, gin gip ddi nam 1999. mot sd khac biet so vdi nhirng nam trudc.<br /> Khdng cd nhieu bien ddng Irong co cau Xual khau cao su tang manh tdi 43,1%, dat<br /> hang hda xuil khiu ciia Viet Nam sang Han kim ngach ky luc la 22,3 trieu USD, giup<br /> Qudc kl tir nam 2000 cho ldi nay. Nam lang ly Irgng cua nhdm hang nguyen lieu.<br /> 2003, Ihuy san trd Ihanh mat hang chiem ly Nhdm hang nhien lieu cung tang ty trgng do<br /> trgng Idn nhai Irong Idng kim ngach xual xuat khau than tim lai dugc Ihj Irudng. Hangi<br /> khiu vdi 25,42%. Xuil khiu ihuy san sang quan ao may san giam manh do eae doanhj<br /> Han Qudc chiem 6% Idng kim ngach xual nghiep Viet Nam tap Irung xuat khau vao Ihj<br /> khiu thuy san cua ca nudc, chi sau ba Ihj Irudng Hoa Ky. Day cung la linh trang<br /> trudng cd dung lugng Idn la Hoa Ky, EU va chung khdng chi ddi vdi thj trudng Han<br /> Nbal Ban. Dal dugc kel qua nhu vay la do Qudc ma cdn ddi vdi nhieu thj trudng khac<br /> trong cac nam 2000 va 2001, Viel Nam da Irong khu vuc nhu Nhai Ban, Dai Loan,<br /> ky kel duge thoa thuan ve kiem djch hang Hdng Kdng,... Tuy nhien, xual khau chi<br /> thuy san vdi Han Qudc, Iheo dd Flan Qudc may lai lang manh, len den 30,6 trieu USD.<br /> cdng nhan giay chirng nhan ve sinh ihuc Xual khau giay dep van tiep tuc da tang<br /> pham do Cue Quan ly Chai lugng va Ve sinh trudng lir cac nam trudc, dat 30,1 trieu USD.<br /> Thii y Thuy san Vict Nam (NAFIQAVED) Trong cac mat hang ndng san, kim ngach<br /> cap. Hien lai, cac doanh nghiep Viel Nam xual khau san lai giam, chi cdn 18 trieu USD<br /> nam trong danh sach dugc phia Han Qudc do phia Han Qudc giam ban ngach nhap<br /> cdng nhan*^* ehi can cd dugc giay chirng khau. Ngugc lai, kim ngach xual khau ca<br /> nhan cua NAFIQAVED la cd the xual hang phe liep luc tang, mac dii gia ca phe d miirc<br /> vao Han Qudc ma khdng phai qua kiem djnh thap so vdi cac nam trudc. Nam 2003, Viet<br /> cua CO quan an loan ve sinh Ihuc pham ciia Nam xuat khau dugc 34.800 tan ca phe sang<br /> Han Qudc. Day la mgi dieim luong ddi dac thj trudng Han Qudc, dat kim ngach 24 Irieu<br /> thii cua thj Irudng Han Qudc khi so sanh vdi USD. Ca phe cua Viet Nam chiem ly trong<br /> cac thj Irudng khac trong khu vuc, vi miic do den 30% trong tdng lugng ca phe nhap khau |<br /> dat dugc thoa thuan ve ve sinh an loan ihuc cua Han Qudc, vugt tren cac qudc gia xuat<br /> pham ciia cac thj Irudng dd ddi vdi hang khau ca phe 1dm nhu Honduras, Colombia, |<br /> thuy san, ke ca ciia Nhat, deu Ihap hon so Brazil hay Indonesia. Trong sd cac thj<br /> vdi cua Han Qudc. Irudng Ihugc khu virc Chau A-Thai Binhi<br /> Nam 2003, ty Irgng nhdm hang chi tao duong, Han Qudc la mot trong nhirng thj<br /> giam nhe, trong khi ty Irgng nhdm hang Irudng nhap khiu nhilu ca phe nhit cua Vi?^<br /> Nam. wk<br /> ' " Tinh den 26/5/2004 co 222/283 doanh nghiep ch^ bien<br /> va xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam da dugc cong nhan Nam 2008, nhirng nhdm hang xuit khau<br /> chirng nhan (theo so lieu trang Web cua Bo Thuong mai). chinh sang thj irudng Han Qudc vin tilp tuc<br /> 40 NGHIEN c a u DONG BflC fl. s d 1(107) 1-2010<br /> Nghien cdu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> la nhdm hang thuc pham va ddng vat tuoi tao Viel Nam nhap khau lir Han Qudc tap<br /> sdng, nhdm hang che tao duge phan lgi Iren Irung chu yeu la nguyen lieu det may, da,<br /> nguyen lieu va nhdm hang dd dung gia dinh may mdc, Irang Ihiel bj van tai, sal thep,<br /> chiem khoang 63% Idng kim ngach xual thiel bj vien thdng (nam 2003 chiem ly Irgng<br /> khau. Tiep den la nhdm khoang ebal va den 73,6%) Irong khi hang che lao Viel Nam<br /> nguyen lieu nang lugng (15,9%) va nhdm xuat khau sang Han Qudc lap Irung vao bang<br /> hang may mdc va thiel bj van lai (10,9%). del, giay dep, bdng den hinh ti vi, cac loai dd<br /> Nhdm bang nguyen lieu khdng phai nang gd ndi that la nhirng mat bang ed ham lugng<br /> lugng chiem ly Irgng khdng dang ke trong che bien d mire do Irung binh.<br /> kim ngach xual khau Viel Nam sang Han 1.3. Mdt sd nhan xet<br /> Qudc nam 2008 ehi dai 7,5%. Dua tren nhiing Irinh bay d Iren ve ddng<br /> b) Ca cdu hdng hod nhap khau thai va co cau xuat nhap khau trao ddi hang<br /> Trai vdi co cau xual khau, co cau nhap hda giu'a Viel Nam va Han Qudc, va thue<br /> khiu hang hda eiia Viel Nam tir Han Qudc lien nhiing Ihay ddi trong cai each chinh<br /> biln ddng khdng nhieu trong giai doan 1993- sach kinh te ndi chung va chinh sach ngoai<br /> 2008. Nhdm hang ndng san chiem mdt ly Ihuong ndi rieng cua hai nudc, cd the dua ra<br /> trgng rat nhd Irong kim ngach nhap khau mdt sd nhan xet sau day:<br /> (khoang 0,2% din 0,5%), Irong khi nhdm Thir nhdt, Irao ddi hang hda giu'a Viet<br /> hang chi tao chiem lir 70% den 80% kim Nam va Han Qudc dugc phai trien vdi tdc do<br /> ngach nhap khau. Nhdm hang hda chat vii kha cao vdi ldc do Uing trudng Irung binh<br /> cac san pham tir hda chat cung chiem mdt ly kim ngach xual khau ciia Viet Nam sang<br /> trgng dang ke trong tdng kim ngach nhap Han Qudc giai doan 1993-2008 la 27,9% va<br /> khau, khoang lir 10-15%. Thay ddi Idn nhat eiia nhap khau tir Han Qudc la 20,7%. Qua<br /> trong CO Cciu la nhdm hang nhien lieu khoang sd lieu nay cd the thay ducmg nhu boat ddng<br /> va dau nhdn. Nam 1993 khi hai nudc bat dau xuat khau ciia Viet Nam sang Han Qudc<br /> cd quan be ngoai giao, nhdm hang nay cd dudng nhu dang lan at boat ddng nhap khau<br /> kim ngach 104 trieu USD, chiem ly trgng tir ihj Irudng nay Irong sudt thdi gian dai gan<br /> 14,5% trong tdng kiim ngach nhap khau cua hai Ihap ky. Song tren thue te, can can<br /> Viet Nam tir Han Qudc. Con sd nay giam Ihuong mai ciia Viet Nam vdi thj trudng<br /> dan ea ve kim ngach va ty Irgng qua cac truyen tbdng nay van bj Iham but kha manh<br /> nam, de den nam 2003 chi cdn la 12 Irieu tren 5,2 ty USD nam 2008. Van dl nay luy<br /> USD va chiem 0,5% Idng kim ngach nhap da dugc chinh phu Viel Nam rat quan tam<br /> khau. giai quyet, song cho den nay ket qua chi<br /> Tuy nhdm hang che tao chiem ty trgng dirng d chd giam ty Irgng cua Han Qudc<br /> 70-80% trong co ciu nhap khau cua Viel trong tdng Iham but can can thuong mai ciia<br /> Nam lir Han Qudc, cao hon mdt chut so vdi Viet Nam ma Ihdi lir mire cao nbal chiem<br /> ty trgng nhdm hang nay Irong co eau xuat 56,1% tdng tham hut ea nude nam 1998<br /> khau ciia Vict Nam sang Han Qudc, nhung xudng cdn 29,3% nam 2008.<br /> tinh chat ciia chiing lai khac nhau. Hang che<br /> NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010 41<br />  Nghien citu khoa hpc<br /> <br /> Thir hai, vj tri ciia Viet Nam tren thj nam 2003, kim ngach xuit khiu eiia Han<br /> trudng Han Qudc ciing nhu ciia Han Qudc Qudc sang Viet Nam la 2,56 ty USD, chilm<br /> tren thj trudng Viet Nam deu dugc cai Ihien ty trgng 1,32% trong tdng kim ngach xuit<br /> dang ke. Dua Iren cac sd lieu trong Nien khau cua Han Qudc va dirng thii 15 trong<br /> giam Thdng ke ciia Viet Nam, tir nam 1990 tdng sd cac thj xuat khau ciia Han Qudc.<br /> den nay, Han Qudc ludn la mdt trong 10 thj Sang nam 2008, gia trj nhap khau ciia Viet<br /> trudng xual khiu chii ylu ciia Viet Nam^^'. Nam tir Han Qudc da dat tren 7 ty USD va<br /> Ve nhap khau, tir giira thap ky 1990 din nay, dung trong khoang thir 11-13 trong Idng sd<br /> Han Qudc ludn la mdt Irong 5 thj trudng eae thj trudng nhap khau tir Han Qudc.<br /> nhap khau Idn nhat cua Viet Nam. Nam Thir ba, tir nhiing Irinh bay ve eo eau xuat<br /> 1995, nd dimg vj tri thir 2, chi sau Singapo. nhap khau d phan tren, the hien rd sir chenh<br /> Tir nam 2000 den nay, Han Qudc ludn dung lech Irong Irinh do phat trien kinh te, dac<br /> vj tri thir 4 trong Idng kim ngach nhap khiu biet la trinh do cdng nghe giira hai nudc.<br /> chia theo Ihi trudng cua Viet Nam, sau Tuy ty trgng hang che tao trong xual khiu<br /> Singapo, Nhat Ban va Dai Loan (rieng nam eiia Viel Nam sang Han Qudc la kha Idn,<br /> 2003 sau Nbal Ban, Trung Qudc va Dai song chu yeu lai la hang hda cd gia trj gia<br /> Loan). lang thap, va ham lugng cdng nghe khdng<br /> Vj tri ciia Viel Nam tren thj trudng Han cao. Ben canh dd, nhdm hang che tao dugc<br /> Qudc da dugc cai thien dang ke. Theo thdng phan loai dua Iren nguyen lieu ciing chiem ty<br /> ke cua Hiep hdi Thuong mai Qudc te Han trgng khdng nhd (khoang 20% nam 2008).<br /> Qudc (KITA), nam 2003, Viet Nam xuit Thir ba, mdi trudng chinh sach da dugc<br /> khau sang Han Qudc 510 trieu USD hang cai thien dang ke, dac biet trong nam nam<br /> hda, dung Ihir 35 Irong sd cac thj trudng cd trd lai day. Sau rat nhieu no lire, Hiep djnh<br /> hang xuat khau sang Han Qudc. Kim ngach khung ve Khu vuc Mau djch Tu do ASEAN<br /> nhap khau tir Viet Nam chiem ly trgng - Han Qudc da dugc ki kit. Su kien nay<br /> 0,31% Idng kim ngach nhap khau eiia Han danh dau mdt budc tien mdi trong quan diim<br /> Qudc. Sang nam 2008, Viet Nam da trong lang cudng hgp tac kinh tl khu vuc eiia Han<br /> khoang tir Ihu 27-30 trong sd tren 200 nudc Qudc. Ddng thdi, nd cung ddi hdi cac ben<br /> va viing lanh thd xual khau vao Han Qudc. tham gia phai cd nhirng cai each chinh sach<br /> Xual khau sang Viet Nam cd y nghTa quan thich hgp. Trong Ihdi gian qua, Han Quoc<br /> trgng ddi vdi sir phat trien ngoai thuong eiia<br /> tiep tuc ap dung khuyin khich cac bien phap<br /> Han Qudc ndi rieng va ddi vdi su phat triln<br /> thu hiit dau tu va dau tu ra nudc ngoai, nhim<br /> kinh te ciia dat nudc nay ndi chung. Theo<br /> nang cao kha nang cai thien trinh do cdng<br /> thdng ke cua Hai quan Han Qudc dugc Hiep<br /> nghe va tim kiem thj trudmg diu tu cd hieu<br /> hdi Thuong mai Qudc te Han Qudc cdng bd.<br /> qua hon d ben ngoai. Chinh sach thuong mai<br /> tiep tuc dugc cai thien theo hudng tang<br /> '*' Sir dung s6 li§u trich dan ciia V6 Hiing Dung trong bai<br /> "Ngogi Ihucmg Vi?l Nam tu 1991-2000 - Nhung ihanh<br /> cudmg thuan lgi hda nang cip he thdng hai<br /> luu va suy nghT", dang tren "Nghien ciru kinh te" s6 293, quan tang cudng ap dung tieu chuin qudc tl.<br /> thing 10/2002, tr. 6.<br /> <br /> 42 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG B^C fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010<br /> Nghien cdru khoa hpc<br /> <br /> Ben canh dd, mdt sd cai each chinh sach 28%, sd cdn lai vao khu vuc ndng nghiep.<br /> trong nudc khac, nhu chinh sach canh tranh, Co cau dau tu ciia Han Qudc vao Viet Nam<br /> chinh sach thj Irudng lao ddng cung da dugc theo nganh nghe la kha da dang - chu ylu<br /> thuc hien Iheo hudng gia lang linh minh vao cac nganh cdng nghiep nhe nhu det may,<br /> bach va de cao vai trd ciia thuong mai cdng giay dep, lap rap d Id, thep, co khi, dien tii,<br /> bang trong thuong mai va gia tang tinh linh thiet bj dien ehieu sang, dd diing nha bIp,<br /> hoat cua thj trudmg lao ddng, ddng thdi dua xay dung co sd ha tang, dd thi mdi, van<br /> ra cac bien phap bao ve tdt hon ddi vdi phdng, khach san, bat ddng san, san golf va<br /> nhdm ngudi lao ddng de bj tdn thuong khi djch vu giai tri, tiep den la eae nganh buu<br /> lang cudng md cua thj trudmg hoac khi xay dien, cdng nghe tbdng tin, che bien hai san,<br /> ra rui ro. ndng nghiep va duge pham. Hau bet cac tap<br /> 2. Quan he dau tu* Viet Nam - Han doan, cac cdng ty 1dm cua Han Qudc deu ed<br /> Quoc dau tu tai Viet Nam. Ben canh dd, cac cdng<br /> Vdi Igi the ve vdn va cdng nghe so vdi ty nhd va vira ciing dua nhau dau tu vao thj<br /> Viet Nam, ddng FDI chay tir Han Qudc sang trudng hiia hen nay.<br /> Viet Nam giu vai trd chu dao, so vdi ddng Nhirng tac ddng lich cue cua FDI ndi<br /> FDI tir Viel Nam sang Han Qudc. Trong giai chung va eiia Han Qudc ndi rieng ddi vdi sir<br /> doan 1988-2008, long dau tu true tiep cua phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam la kha rd<br /> Viel Nam sang Han Qudc chi cd 7 du an Irj rang gdp phan lam tang tdng vdn dau tu xa<br /> gia 2,1 trieu USD vdn dang ki. Trong khi dd, hdi, lang cudng chuyen djch eo cau kinh te,<br /> linh din 19/6/2009, Han Qudc diu tu true lao cdng an viec lam, tao ra eiia cai xa hdi,<br /> liep vao Viet Nam 2183 du an vdi tdng vdn gdp phan lam gia lang xual khau, ddng gdp<br /> dang ki la 20,05 ly USD. Nhu vay, la mdt vao ngan sach chinh phii. Ben canh dd, cung<br /> trong mdt sd it nude dau lu vao Viet Nam can ghi nhan rang tim kiem lgi nhuan la mue<br /> ngay tir khi ban hanh Luat Dau tu Nudc lieu chu yeu cua cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai.<br /> ngoai nam 1987, ngay nay Han Qudc da trd Chinh vi nhirng Igi ich dd, ma FDI ludn hap<br /> thanh mdt trong 5 nudc dau lu Idn nhat vao dan ddi vdi ca nudc dau tu va nudc nhan dau<br /> nudc ta (cimg vdi Nhat Ban, Singapo, Dai tu.<br /> Loan, Malaysia). Vdi thanh tich nay, Viet 3. Moi lien he thtfcng mai - dau tir<br /> Nam dirng thir ba trong sd cac nudc nhan trong quan he song phirong Viet Nam -<br /> FDI cua Han Qudc cac nam 2006 va 2007, Han Quoc va van de nhap sieu cua Viet<br /> dirng sau Trung Qudc va My, vdi ty trgng Nam "'<br /> 9,2% trong Idng sd FDI ciia nudc nay. Cd the tim duge mdi lien he thdng qua<br /> FDI Han Qudc vao Viet Nam duge phan viec so sanh sd lieu thdng ke ve kim ngach<br /> bd d ea ba khu vuc, song khdng ddng deu nhap khau cua Viet Nam tir Han Qudc va<br /> khu vuc cdng nghiep chiem tdi khoang 70% FDI Han Qudc vao Viet Nam d bang 3.<br /> tdng vdn dang ki, khu vuc dich vu khoang<br /> <br /> <br /> NQHllN Cdru DdNG B^C fl. sd 1(107) 1-2010 43<br />  Nghien^drujchoa hpc<br /> <br /> Bang 3: Nhap khiu cua Viet Nam tu- Han Qudc va FDI Han Qudc vao Viet Nam<br /> Nam Kim ngach nhap khiu FDI dang ki<br /> (trieu USD) (trieu USD)<br /> 1991 198,9 45,4<br /> 1992 436,2 140.6<br /> 1993 481,9 508,5<br /> 1994 727,4 345,2<br /> 1995 1.351,0 656,8<br /> 1996 1.450,0 844,5<br /> 1997 1.556,3 345,9<br /> 1998 1.422,8 27.8<br /> 1999 1.440,3 169,5<br /> 2000 1.730,2 197,9<br /> 2001 1.893,5 209,2<br /> 2002 2.285,5 289,5<br /> 2003 2.624,4 255,9<br /> 2004 3359,4 274,3<br /> 2005 3594,1 592,3<br /> 2006 3908,4 2780,0<br /> 2007 5340,4 4200,0<br /> 2008 7066,3 2020,0<br /> <br /> Ngudn: So lifu ve FDI tir Cue Ddu tu Nudc ngodi, Bo Ki hogeh vd Ddu tu. S6 lieu vi kim<br /> nggeh nhap khdu tir Tong cue Hdi quan vd trang web eiia Bo Cong thuang. ^,<br /> m<br /> Thuc lien cho thiy Viel Nam hien dang phai dua tren co so khoa hoc va thuc lien<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> i<br /> . • " .1*<br /> nhap khau kha nhieu nguyen lieu d l phuc vu nhat dinh.<br /> cho san xual hang xuil khiu. Ddng thdi,<br /> ddng FDI vao Viel Nam ludn keo theo nhap TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> khau irang thiet bj, may mdc, nguyen lieu<br /> vao nudc ta de phuc vu cho cac eo sd san 1. Nguyen Hdng Nhung va tap the, Trien<br /> xuat eiia hg. Nhu vay, viec thu hiil FDI ludn 'png vd gidi phdp phdt triin qilan he thircmg<br /> keo theo nguy co gia lang nhap khiu. Vi ihl<br /> ' mgi<br /> ""r" Viet<br /> ' "tl nam<br /> riL4rri -<br /> — Hdn<br /> Hurt Qudc<br /> \^UUC trong<br /> If Ufl^ bdi<br /> UUl canh<br />