NguySn Quang Vinh<br />
<br />
208<br />
<br />
cua thiic t i i n . Hay chi lay mot t h i d u nho, chang h a n n h u ,<br />
doi v6i cac q u a n n i e m ve do t h i va do t h i hoa, ve npi d u n g<br />
n h i e u chieu cua p h a t t r i e n nong t h o n va p h a t t r i e n do t h i ,<br />
dvTdng nhiJ ngay t r o n g doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc d t r o n g<br />
v u n g v i n chifa dat t d i mot cai n h i n t h o n g n h a t va sang ro.<br />
C h u n g h i a k i n h n g h i e m c6 le con dang dong mot v a i tro<br />
dang ke t r o n g hoat dong ciia mot so' k h o n g nho cac can bo<br />
q u a n ly N h a nu6c, n h a t la d cap cd sd.<br />
Trxidc<br />
<br />
nhutng t h a c h do' t a n g n h a n h dot ngot do'i v6i<br />
<br />
q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n , n h a n dan dang k y vong vao sii dap l i n g<br />
n a n g dong cua mot the he mdi cac n h a q u a n l y N h a nu'dc<br />
t r o n g v u n g , diidc t r a n g b i c6 he t h o n g ve t r i thxic q u a n ly<br />
p h a t t r i e n h i e n dai. N e u ho ke thijfa diidc c h i k h i each<br />
m a n g , ban l i n h va k i n h n g h i e m hoat dong xa h o i cua the<br />
he cac n h a q u a n l y d i trxidc, t h i hy vong ho se cong hien<br />
dUdc n h i i n g h i e u qua cong tac doc dao h d n t r o n g mot doi<br />
n g u q u a n l y N h a nxidc bao gom n h i e u the he t r e n tiifng dia<br />
b a n l a n h tho. M o t doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc k h o n g ngvfng<br />
doi mdi va diidc t r e hoa b^ng n h i i n g hxidc d i t h i c h hdp n h i i<br />
the, se la bao dam chac chan cho sxi t h a n h dat n h f l n g m u c<br />
t i e u p h a t t r i e n D B S C L , triidc v a n h o i lieh svL mdi.<br />
(In trong cuo'n Dong bang song<br />
CiCu Long - nghien cjjtu phat<br />
<br />
trim,<br />
<br />
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995).<br />
<br />
C A U C H U Y E N V A N HOA<br />
CUA M I E N TAY NAM BO<br />
<br />
Ly thu nhat, nhifng dong thdi cung la thuoc loai kho<br />
"dan xep" nhat la nhiing he luy van hoa cua siJ phat trien.<br />
oi tham vong 16n lao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi trong vai<br />
ap nien tcii d Dong h&ng song Ciiu Long (DBSCL) chic<br />
chin khong the chi d i l n ra trong thuat toan cua nhiing can<br />
doi dau vao - dau ra, cac nhip do tang trifdng GDP theo<br />
nganh va tieu viing lanh tho, hoac viec x i i ly cac bien so" ve<br />
von, ve cong nghe, thi triidng... Bdi vi, xet den ciing, day la<br />
van de cua con ngiCdi, cua cac ca nhan va cong dong ngiidi,<br />
va la s\l dap ling cua chinh ho triidc cac thach do' gay gat<br />
cua tang triidng kinh te, b i n g nhiing cong hien sinh dong<br />
trong tien bo van hoa. Va, noi mot each chat che t h i bat ky<br />
mot thanh tiiu phat trien nao diidc coi la ben viing ciing deu<br />
phai bao ham viec van dung kheo leo cac tiem nang van hoa<br />
da tich liiy diidc, dong thdi gop phan boi d i p nhiing Idp phCi<br />
sa van hoa mdi cho chat liidng cuoc song cua cac chii the<br />
cua phat trien. Tien bo van hoa c6 y nghia viia nhif la dong<br />
luc, viia nhii la muc tieu cua phat trien, chinh la diidc hieu<br />
tii each tiep can bien chiing noi tren.<br />
^ :,<br />
<br />
NguySn Quang Vinh<br />
<br />
212<br />
<br />
Pi tim stye song cac quan he xa hoi<br />
<br />
213<br />
<br />
Tien t r i n h phat t r i e n cua D B S C L da va dang dien r a<br />
<br />
va d a n h gia cao t i n h n a n g no cua n e n v a n hoa boat dong<br />
<br />
xuyen qua n h i e u m a u t h u a n va nghich ly. M o t t r o n g n h i i n g<br />
<br />
ciia cac l i i u d a n t h d i md dat, ciing n h i i cua kho'i c i i d a n da<br />
<br />
nghich l y do, hoc 16 r a t d a m net t r o n g hien t r a n g phat t r i e n ,<br />
<br />
toe ngiidi d D B S C L t r o n g suo't chieu d a i l i c h s\i 300 n a m<br />
<br />
la siJ t a n g t r i i d n g n h a n h trong l i n h vUc k i n h te khong c6 siJ<br />
<br />
nay. Do l a m o t s i i t h a t , v a l a m o t v o n q u y t h a t stf cho p h a t<br />
<br />
song h a n h cua n h i i n g t i e n bo ro net t r e n l i n h viJc v a n hoa,<br />
<br />
t r i e n . N h i i n g cuoc song dang k h o n g n g i i n g t i e n hoa. N h i e u<br />
<br />
dan t r i , l o i song, chat liidng song v a cd cau n a n g \\ic cua<br />
<br />
mo h i n h i l n g x i i , n h i e u p h a m chat v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ngay<br />
<br />
ngiidi lao dong. T r a i l a i , t r e n mot so' mat n h a t d i n h cua t i e m<br />
<br />
horn qua con to r a l a m o t dap l i n g n a n g dong do'i v6i doi h o i<br />
<br />
n a n g v a n hoa d a n c i i D B S C L , dang c6 hxidc sa sut dang lo<br />
<br />
cua cuoc song, t h i r a t c6 t h e ngay horn nay da to r a l a k h o n g<br />
<br />
ngai. Biicic sa s u t do dang gay trci ngai cho s i i t a n g t r i i d n g<br />
<br />
con day d i i n i i a . V a n e u h i i d n g t a m n h i n t d i m o t vien canh<br />
<br />
v i i n g ch^c, t r d ngai cho cac muc t i e u chuyen dich cd cau k i n h<br />
<br />
xa hdn, t h i c6 n h i i n g cai t h a m c h i l a i trci t h a n h liic can do'i<br />
<br />
te va cho c h i n h miic hiidng t h u phuc Idi v a t chat va t i n h t h a n<br />
<br />
v6i cuoc h a n h t r i n h q u a m d i me d i vao t i i d n g l a i . Co p h a n<br />
<br />
cua d a n chung. C a m giac lo a u cua n h i e u n h a q u a n sat<br />
<br />
nao qua Idi khong, k h i n o i r a n g m o t so' t a n d i i cua 16'i song<br />
<br />
khach quan ve dieu ma ho goi l a "nghich l y dong b i n g "<br />
<br />
l i i u dan va 16'i s6'ng t h i i d n g ho - diide n u 6 i diidng va v a n<br />
<br />
k h o n g p h a i l a khong c6 cd sd. O mien dat nay, ndi t h a n h dat<br />
<br />
dong t r e n m 6 t m a t b^ng d a n t r i k h a t h a p - r o i se p h a i dap<br />
<br />
mot<br />
<br />
l i n g l a m sao day trii6e cac y e u cau nghiet nga cua qua t r i n h<br />
<br />
mijfc<br />
<br />
san lUdng<br />
<br />
l u a cao<br />
<br />
nhat<br />
<br />
ca<br />
<br />
niidc<br />
<br />
(700 k g<br />
<br />
thoc/ngiidi)*", da so' ngiidi d a n v a n song diidi cac m a i l a sd<br />
<br />
c6ng nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa va do t h i hoa? Ro r a n g l a<br />
<br />
sai, v 6 i nguon nii6c uong b i 6 n h i e m n a n g ne, miic do t h a t<br />
<br />
dang CO mot doi h o i k h a c h quan biJtc xiic d6'i v 6 i chuyen d6'i<br />
<br />
hoc cao, t r e e m b i suy d i n h diidng v d i t i le 16n, miic do t h u<br />
hiidng v a n hoa ngheo n a n , h a m liidng t r i t u e t r o n g cac san<br />
p h a m ciia vCing con k h a thap...<br />
Theo m o t each h i e u nao do, t h i v a n hoa cung c6 n g h i a la<br />
each t h e song ciia con ngvidi; l a p h i i d n g t h i i c de con ngiidi<br />
t h i c h l i n g v 6 i m o i t r i i d n g t i i n h i e n v a x a h o i , de v i i d n len<br />
dong hoa va cai tao m o i t r i i d n g do, theo n h i i n g muc t i e u cua<br />
t i e n bo x a hoi. K h o n g i t giay miJc da diidc d a n h de p h a n tich<br />
<br />
he th6'ng cac d i n h h i i d n g gia t r i ciia ngiidi d a n D B S C L , de<br />
ho CO t h e diidng d a u t h a n g Idi vdi cac t h a c h do' m d i ciia cuoc<br />
so'ng. O day, c6 h a i tuye'n v a n de can diidc song song x\l l y .<br />
M o t mat, N h a niidc, cac d i n h che xa hoi, cac cong dong can<br />
CO s i i ph6'i hdp de n a n g cap viidt bac he tho'ng k e t cau h a<br />
t a n g xa h o i v a k y t h u a t , nhSm ho t r d cho viee t h i i c h i e n cac<br />
chi t i e u ve t i e n bo v a n hoa t r o n g v i i n g . M a t khac, b a n t h a n<br />
moi con ngiidi c( m i e n T a y ciing can y t h i i c ve t a t ca n h i i n g<br />
gi m d i me dang d i l n r a t r o n g m 6 i t r i i d n g k i n h te - x a h o i ,<br />
de k h 6 n g qua n g i i y e n va bang long v d i t r i n h do n a n g liic<br />
hien c6 va m o t each i i n g x i i v a n hoa quen thuoc von dang b i<br />
<br />
1. So lieu thong k e n a m 1993.<br />
<br />
cuoc s6'ng t h a c h t h i i c va doi h o i p h a i t h a y doi.<br />
<br />
Nguyen Quang Vinh<br />
<br />
214<br />
<br />
"Van hoa va phat trien" la mot chii de rat rong Idn.<br />
Trong bai viet, chiing toi chi di vao phan tich hien trang<br />
ddi song van hoa d DBSCL va nhiing khia canh nghich ly<br />
cua no. Sau do, xin gdi len ba van de cua tien bo van hoa<br />
ma chiing toi cho rang can diJdc xii ly tot, de gop phan hoa<br />
giai nghich ly va bao dam phat trien ben viing. Do la van<br />
de phat trien t a i nguyen con ngiidi, van de truyen thong va<br />
each tan trong phat trien loi song c\i dan, va van de ve svt<br />
ke thijfa c6 tinh sang tao giiia cac the he.<br />
I. H I E N TRANG D C I SONG V A N HOA VA N G H I C H L Y<br />
PHAT T R I E N CUA DONG BANG SONG C U U LONG<br />
<br />
Chuyen ke r i n g , c6 mot cau con trai ci tuoi dang 16n rat c6<br />
tai danh bat cua, ca. Cau chAng he thieu tien. Tren cd tay<br />
chang trai thon que mien Tay ay c6 deo mot chiec dong ho<br />
Seiko mdi "cau canh". Chi c6 dieu la la cau chang gap ai cdng...<br />
hoi "May gid roi?". Ly do ddn gian thoi. Cau khong biet chii!<br />
NhiJng giai thoai hien dai nhuom mau hom hinh cua<br />
Ba Phi hay cua Triim Pho va 6ng 6 nhif the khong hiem.<br />
No Cling la mot t h i i t\i trao thong minh, de nh^c nhd ve<br />
nhiing khuyet tat van hoa ma ngiJdi dan biet minh chUa<br />
viJdt thoat han dUdc. Diing vay. Nhiing con so' ngoan muc<br />
ve san liidng liia cua mien Tay, ve miic san xuat binh quan<br />
ciia viing nay bang 1,27 Ian ca niidc' la nhiing thanh t d u<br />
<br />
1. Ti'nh toan theo so lieu 3 nam 1990 - 1992.<br />
<br />
Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi<br />
<br />
215<br />
<br />
mo hoi nUdc m a t t h a t dang t i i hao. Song d phia sau nhiing<br />
so' lieu kinh te tdng hdp ay, van con mot vai mang hien<br />
thUc van hoa va dan t r i bi che k h u a t di. O do con niJdng<br />
<br />
n a u khong i t van de gay can rat cham diidc giai quyet.<br />
CCing vdi thdi gian, chiing c6 the tich t u lai de trd thanh<br />
nhiing khung hoang cue bo, tao ra nguy cd pha hong nhieu<br />
chiidng t r i n h phat trien day thien y. Hay t h i i di vao quan<br />
sat mot vai trang thai cua ddi song van hoa hom nay.<br />
1. Triidc het hay noi ve mi^c sink, nhif la mot chi bao<br />
cua trinh do iing x i i van hoa. Ngiidi phu n i i nong thon<br />
mien Tay Nam bo con sinh nhieu con. Mac dau trong vong<br />
15 nam trd lai day, c\i dan trong viing da chap nhan mot<br />
so' bien phap ngufa thai, va ci mot so' nhom xa hoi nhat dinh<br />
(phu n i i tre, dan do thi, t h i tii) da c6 chuyen bien biidc dau<br />
ve quan niem so' con hdp ly, song theo so lieu dieu tra qudc<br />
gia nam 1992 -1993, so' con t r u n g binh cua cac ba me ci<br />
DBSCL v^n con d miic 3,2 con' . So' ba me c6 5 - 6 con<br />
khong phai la hiem d viing nay. Co mot hien tildng rat c^n<br />
luu y la, neu nhii bay, tarn nam ve triidc, ci cac tinh trong<br />
viing, viec giam t i le tang triicing t i i nhien dan so' hang<br />
nam xuo'ng 0,1% khong phai la dieu qua kho khan; t h i bay,<br />
tam nam gan day, keo xuo'ng mdi nam chiing 0,01% la mot<br />
viec het siic chat vat doi vdi nhieu tinh. Co nhieu ly do de<br />
ly giai hien tiidng nay. Nhiing neu chi xet rieng ve khia<br />
<br />
• So con t r u n g binh cua cac ba me dong b i n g song Hong la 2,9 con<br />
(so'lieu dieu t r a nam 1992 - 1993).<br />
••<br />
;<br />
<br />
Nguyen<br />
<br />
216<br />
<br />
Quang<br />
<br />
Vinh<br />
<br />
canh van hoa ciia viec tai san xuat dan c\i, t h i da thay c6<br />
nhieu van de phai giai quyet.<br />
Nhieu cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc cho thay boh ly do muon<br />
sinh nhieu con van dUdc lap di lap lai d ca hai gidi nam nQ va ci moi Itfa tuoi cua cxi dan nong thon DBSCL:<br />
- Can ngiidi cham soc k h i gia yeu,<br />
- Can du con trai, con gai,<br />
- Muon gia dinh c6 nhieu sutc lao dong,<br />
- Dong con t h i nhieu phifdc.<br />
Doi v6i nam gidi, doi vdi ngifdi gia va t r u n g nien thuoc<br />
ca hai gidi t h i quan niem nay con kha kien c6', mac dau<br />
cung CO chieu hiidng hdi giam xuo'ng do tac dong tong hdp<br />
cua nhieu cuoc van dong xa hoi. Tuy cac gia dinh tre muon<br />
thay doi mo hinh ling xvL van hoa tren linh viic nay, song<br />
tam anh hifdng tinh t h i n va sii kiem tra xa hoi cua cha<br />
me, ong ba (thiidng cxi t r i i rat gan vdi ho) cung con kha 16n.<br />
Trong so' cac anh hUdng va siic ep tinh than tH phia cac<br />
bac trifdng thifdng do, c6 the ke den sxi binh gia thUdng<br />
xuyen do'i vdi cac cap vd chong tre ve sil \xia chon cac bien<br />
phap ngijfa thai (vi du: nhieu vi rat "ngan" bien phap triet<br />
san nam hoac ni3), binh gia ve so con da sinh, hoac ve tinh<br />
trang thieu vang con trai, v.v...^<br />
<br />
1. X e m t h e m : N g u y e n Q u a n g V i n h - "Kehoach<br />
bang song Cilu Long<br />
cuo'n s a c h n a y .<br />
<br />
hoa gia dinh d dong<br />
<br />
nhin tii goc do bien doi loi song",<br />
<br />
i n trong<br />
<br />
01 tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi<br />
<br />
217<br />
<br />
Do mile sinh con cao, nen t i le mac benh (trong nam)<br />
ciia cac ba me d DBSCL ciing cao hdn nhieu vung trong<br />
nxidc va hien d miic 75,57%. O cac ba me c6 3 con trd len, t i<br />
le mac benh cua me len den 80% (cac con so' tifdng iing d<br />
dong bling song Hong la 66,01% va 67,1%).<br />
2. Ti le tre em suy dinh di/dng d DBSCL ciing vao loai<br />
cao nhat trong ca nxidc, mac dau cac dieu kien ve chat bot,<br />
tom ca, trai cay trong vung nay khong phai la thieu thon.<br />
Ngiidi ta Ixiu y ngay cang nhieu tdi viec di t i m nguyen<br />
nhan cua tinh trang nay. Difdc neu len hang dau la cac<br />
nguyen nhan: trinh do dan t r i chiia cao cua phu nxL<br />
DBSCL noi chung va each thijfc cham nuoi con cua cac ba<br />
me trong vCing noi rieng con chiia hdp ly, thieu khoa hoe.<br />
Yeu to' 6 nhiem nghiem trong nguon nxidc mat d DBSCL<br />
ciing la mot nguyen nhan gay benh dUdng ruot cho tre va<br />
lam nghiem trong them tinh trang suy dinh difdng. Cac<br />
cuoc khao sat gan day nhat cho thay chi eo 20% dan cxi<br />
DBSCL CO diidc nguon nxidc uo'ng an toan. Cung each an d<br />
tren song rach va xa phan rac tuy tien cua dong dao cxi<br />
dan cung la mot nguon goc gay 6 nhiem niidc.<br />
3. Trong k h i do, miCc do thu hildng cac dich vu y te cxxa.<br />
ba con trong vung ciing con thap so vdi cac chi tieu cua ca<br />
nude. Trong k h i chi tieu binh quan cua ca nifde la 103 y<br />
bac si (trong do c6 40 bac si) tren 100.000 dan; cua dong<br />
bang song Hong la 87 y bac si (trong do c6 38 bac si) tren<br />
100.000 dan, t h i DBSCL chi c6 difdc binh quan 84 y bac si<br />
tren 100.000 dan (trong do so bac si ehi c6 23). Mile giifdng<br />
<br />
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