Quốc dân độc bản của Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục gương chiếu hậu nền khoa cử nho học Việt Nam

QUOC DAN Die BAN CUA DdNG KINH NGHIA THVC<br /> GUONG Cllrfu HAU Nbj KHOA cfl NHO HOC VlftT NAM<br /> • « •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfeN HAI Yit<br /> <br /> <br /> I. Nam 1907 • TrUdng hgc nUdc ta lay khoa cd ldm<br /> muc dich, cho nen khdng phdi ai cUng co<br /> Tai trUdng thi Hgi d Hue, cac cdng si<br /> chi trd thdnh cdng khanh dgi phu, nhUng<br /> ham hd vao ky thi vdi niem sung sUdng<br /> mac dii ddt dgc, thi chi vdn d cho cdng<br /> ma cac khoa trUdc dd khdng cd dUdc la<br /> khanh dgi phu. Vdy nen hg cd cam ddu<br /> "vdo ngay trUdng thi co thi ddng vi Idn<br /> cdm CO dgc nhiing cudn sdch trong rdng,<br /> Ign, chii khong ehia thdnh vi Giap, vi At<br /> khdng thiet thiic, kien thdc thieu thd'n. Hgc<br /> nhu cdc khoa thi trUdc". Dd la kdt qua ldi<br /> xong di thi hoac mong d chd van hay hoac<br /> tau cua Tdng tai Qudc sQ quan Cao Xuan<br /> sao chep nhiing ldi cu. rich. Bdt hanh md<br /> Due dUdc dich t h a n vua Thanh Thai<br /> hong thi trd ve ldm ke sl, ldm thdy dd, chd<br /> chuan phe.<br /> thi khoa sau. The Id suot ddi mong ldm<br /> Thi tai Ha Ngi, vdi muc dich "Ddng Kinh cdng khanh dgi phu md chdng bao gid<br /> Nghia Thuc da bien soan Qudc dan dgc bdn dugc. May mdn thi dd ra ldm quan, khdng<br /> (1) gdm 79 bai soan theo cic chii de khac thi cdng dugc ddng ddu mgt lang, mdt xd,<br /> nhau: chinh tri, xa hdi, kinh te, vSn hoa, tU cho nhu the Id vinh. Cho nen dda tre mdi<br /> tudng, giao due... cd 4 bai trUc tiep ban ve Idn ba tdc, hgc dUdc cdch ldm bdi cdng da<br /> giio due khoa cQ, gdm: vinh vdo tU phu se Id cdng khanh dgi phu,<br /> khdng them ngang hdng vdi ndng cdng<br /> Muc 34: Giio due<br /> thUOng, md nhiing ngUdi ndng, cdng,<br /> Muc 35: Giai thich ve viec hgc thuong giau co cdng bdt con em bo nghi<br /> nghiep cua minh, theo con dUdng khoa d,<br /> Muc 37: Ban v§" cai hai cua khoa cQ<br /> Sl hoan. Tii khi giao thdng vdi cdc nUdc tien<br /> Muc 38: Ban ve sU khdng thi hanh khoa Igi, hg lai cho con em hg hgc vdi cha Tdy Au<br /> cQ cung ching cd hai de ldm ki nudi mieng, cho nhU the ldm<br /> Trong dd, Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc cd thugng sdch. Than di!<br /> nhQng nhan xdt sau d i y ve nen giao due<br /> Khdng CO ngc dgc cua khoa cii, ldm sao<br /> Nho hgc:<br /> den noi hdng trdm thU hgc bi bo phi, nhdn<br /> - "Nudc ta CO khoa cii (2) md khdng co tdm suy yiu nhU vdy! Chiing ta phdi cdm<br /> trUdng hgc, nhiing cdng chUa tiing co tieng ghet, dau ddn vi tinh trgng dd, khdng di thieu<br /> Id khdng CO trUdng hgc". nien chung ta nhiem Idy cdi ngc dgc dy nOa.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ' PGS. TSKH. Khoa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br /> 18 Rghien ciru Ljch sit, s6 9.2007<br /> <br /> Khoa cd vd nhd trUdng Id hai cdi ddi lap Ngoai he thoiig trUdng "cdng lap" cac<br /> nhau, khdng the ciing ton tgi sdm hay vung ludn cd trUdng tU thuc, nhat la vung<br /> mugn cdng phdi bo di. Thiiu nien chung ta Thang Long - Ha Ngi - mdt trung tam giao<br /> phdi ra sdc hgc cdi hiiu dung, chd de cdi due tu thudng xuyen v i Idn, ndi ludn cd<br /> hgc khoa cd phd hong chi hUdng cua minh. nhQng trUdng, nhQng thay giao ndi tieng.<br /> Cudi the ky XIX, d H i Ndi cd the ke den cac<br /> ... Gia sii bo thUc hgc, cU theo doi khoa<br /> trUdng: Hao Nam cua Pham Quy Thich, Hd<br /> cii:, thd hoi di thi dugc may ngUdi do dgt, do<br /> Dinh cua Vu Tdng Phan; PhUdng Dinh cua<br /> dgt dugc may ngUdi ra ldm quan, ldm quan<br /> Nguyin Van Sieu; Vu Thach cua Nguyin<br /> may ngUdi hanh thdng sudt ddi.<br /> Huy DQc, TrUdng Tien Song cua thay Ngd<br /> Noi rdng bo khoa cit thi hit dubng mUu Van Dang, TrUdng Cue Hien cua thay Le<br /> sinh. Tdi khdng cho la thi. Tdi chUa he thdy Dinh Duyen... .. ; .! i-'<br /> nhiing ngUdi di thi hong chit doi bao gid.<br /> Hien thUc dd, cac yeu nhan cua Ddng<br /> Theo tdi, bo dUdc khoa cii: Id may to, con<br /> Kinh Nghia Thuc khdng phai khdng biet.<br /> nhu bdt hanh, khdng bo dugc thi thdy gido<br /> NhUng, khi xet ve muc dich cua viec hgc,<br /> phdi day cho hgc trd trd thdnh ngUdi hiJCu<br /> viec giio due "Muc dich la hgc gdn lien vdi<br /> dung, ngudi tri thdc phdi di ra nhiing<br /> Khoa cd. Id ra ldm quan nen cd trUdng<br /> nguyen tdc mdi, bien sogn sdch mdi co ich cUng nhu khdng co".<br /> cho mgi ngUdi trong nUdc, ngUdi thdng hiiu<br /> vdn tii Ddng - Tdy phdi dich nhiing cudn Hgc de ra ldm quan. Theo thd'ng ke, thdi<br /> sdch cd ich di md mang phong khi cdng, Le - Trinh cd 727 Tien si cac bac, cd den 712<br /> ndng, thuong phai co chi tiin thu. dikhuich ngUdi ra lam quan, cdn lai 15 trUdng hdp thi:<br /> trUOng nghe nghiep. Trong thiic nghiep, - 4 trUdng hdp chUa kip vinh quy da mit<br /> chUa CO cdi ndo khdng dem lai loi ich qud'c (Bui Cdng Td'n, Tien si nSm 1685. Ngd<br /> gia, xd hgi cho nhdn loai cd. Cdn nhU noi Hung Giao - 1710, Nguyin Thi LUdng -<br /> rdng: Long ngUdi lay viec ldm quan Id vinh 1731, Nguyin Hue - 1733)<br /> hien thi se nhiem mdi nhiing tU tudng hu<br /> - 9 trUdng hdp khdng ghi lai hanh trang<br /> Idu cda thdi cU md thdi. NhU thi thi qud'c (Can Van Nha, Ngd Sich Thi, Le Binh<br /> ddn ldm sao cd the tii lap dUOc". Trung, Nguyen HQu Dao, Dang Cdng Diin,<br /> Qua sdt rudt vdi muc dich "cd't md mang Le Trgng Tin, Nguyin Dinh Gian, LUu<br /> dan tri hdng dat cd sd cho nen tan hgc" ma Dinh, Vu Trgng TQ).<br /> Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc phu dinh sach trdn - Trudng hdp duy n h i t sau khi thi do, cao<br /> nen khoa cQ Nho hgc gan 1.000 nam tdn tai tQ khdng ra l i m quan la Nguyin Huy Cin.<br /> chang? Dgi Viet Sii" ky tuc bien cho biet "Thi Dinh<br /> II. SQ sach trUdc va sau v l n ty hao la ddng do ddu, vi that cdch bi trud't xudng<br /> Qud'c TQ giam - cua Thang Long dUng len cudi bdng. Cdn xin tii ve khdng ldm quan".<br /> ty 1076, nhu la trUdng Dai hgc d i u tien Trieu dinh Dai Viet thdi Le sd trd di (it<br /> cua Qud'c gia Dai Viet. Rdi trai qua cic nha't qua van bia Tien si nSm 1442) da<br /> trieu Tran, Le den Nguyin trUdng Nho hgc khang dinh "Hien tdi Id nguyen khi ciia<br /> ciia Nha nUdc cdn tiep tuc md den cip qud'c gia", g i n lien vdi thinh, suy cua qudc<br /> huyen (nhieu ndi cdn cd trUdng hang Tdng). gia. Va, cung biet "Diing ngUdi khdng phai<br /> Qugc dan d6c bin ciia S6ng Kinh Rghia Thuc. 19<br /> <br /> chi CO mdt lo'i, chgn hgc tro khdng phdi chi 7 ngUdi, Minh Mang lai ban khoSn: "Khoa thi<br /> CO mdt dudng" (thi cQ) ma cdn cd ca de cQ, miia Thu gdn din, bgn ndy niu qud cd thiic<br /> tien cii. hgc, sao khdng theo con dUbng khoa muc rgng<br /> Vua chua Viet Nam cQng da tQng dung rdi md lai di con dudng tdt ndy. Vd lai nhan<br /> cac hinh thQc nay. NhU thdi Nguyen ching tdi hiem cd, mdt ngdy tiin cii din bay ngUdi<br /> ban, chi tinh tQ Gia Long den Ty DQc nhu thi chdng lam dung sao". Thanh thQ,<br /> (1802 den 1883) da 40 Ian ra chieu chi ciu cudi cung thi con dUdng "ra lam quan'Ve thyc<br /> "ngudi tai". Vua Minh Mang, 20 nam 1820- chat chinh la qua thi cQ.<br /> 1840 "khat nhdn tdi nhU khdt nUdc", "ludn Thi cQ dUdc dung lam thUdc do phd bie'n<br /> de trd'ng chd ben canh minh di mong tim nhat, cao nhat, cudi cung chat iQdng giao<br /> dugc ngudi tdi" cd den 22 chieu chi ve cau due Nho hgc.<br /> ngudi tai.<br /> Vdi thi HUdng, tuy chUa cd sd lieu ngUdi<br /> The nhUng khi cd tien cQ rdi, chinh thi tQng trudng, nhUng chi rieng khoa thi<br /> Minh Mang lai ban khoan. Giip Ngg nSm Thanh Thai thQ 6 (1894) tai<br /> trQdng thi Ha Nam cd den 9.700 ngQdi thi,<br /> Nam 1822 sau nhieu lan thuc due trieu<br /> chi liy 60 ngUdi.<br /> than tien cQ, bgn Han lam vien Hoang Kim<br /> Hoin, Ky Luc Quang DQc Ngd Ba Lam de cQ Cdn sau khi do thi HUdng, la thi Hgi, thi:<br /> Bang 1: So ngiidri d\i thi va lay d6 qua cac khoa thi (tit 1604 den 1748)<br /> (Nguon: Lich trieu tap ky; 82 bia Tien sl Vdn Mieu)<br /> <br /> Stt Khoa thi So ngUdi d y t h i So l a y d o<br /> 1 1604 Tren 5.000 7<br /> 2 1613 Hdn 1.000 4<br /> 3 1619 v a i ngan 7<br /> 4 1623 Hdn 3.000 7<br /> 5 1637 Vai ngan 20<br /> 6 1640 Tren 6.000<br /> 7 1643 Tren 2.000 9<br /> 8 1652 Tren 2.000 9<br /> 9 1656 Dudi 3.000 6<br /> 10 1661 G i n 3.000 13<br /> 11 1670 Tren 2.000 31<br /> 12 1673 Tren 3.000 5<br /> 13 1676 Ngot 3.000 20<br /> 14 1680 Hdn 2.000 19<br /> 15 1683 Den 3.000 18<br /> 16 1685 2.800 13<br /> 17 1691 Den 3.000 11<br /> 18 1694 Hdn 2.000 5<br /> 19 1697 Tdi 3.000 10<br /> 20 1700 Tren 2.000 19<br /> 21 1703 Den 3.000 6<br /> 22 1706 G i n 3.000 5<br /> 23 1712 Hdn 2.000 17<br /> 24 1715 2.500 20<br /> 20 RghiSn curu Ljch sJr. sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> <br /> 25 1718 Hdn 3.000 17<br /> 26 1721 Gan 3.000 25<br /> 27 1724 Gin 3.000 18<br /> 28 1727 Tdi 3.000 10<br /> 29 1733 Gin 3.000 18<br /> 30 1739 Den 3.000 8<br /> 31 1743 Hdn 2.000 7<br /> 32 1746 Dudi 2.000 4<br /> 33 1748 Den 3.000 13<br /> <br /> Trong 61 ky thi cd 33 ky thi ghi rd sd Tiin sl; Tiin Cii nhdn Hodng Trung len<br /> lUdng thi sinh, Trong dd nam cao n h i t la Kinh thi Hgi; Miing anh hg dd trUdng phu...<br /> 1640 tren 6.000, cd g i n 27 ky thi tQ 2.000 Va, dau khd ve trUdt thi dien hinh la hinh<br /> ngudi trd len dU thi (3). anh cua Tu XUdng.<br /> <br /> NhUng phan Idn sy tQ khdng phai chi thi III. Lich s^ thi cQ Nho hgc d ca hai cap<br /> mdt l i n l i dd ! thi HUdng, thi Hdi b Viet Nam, lai ludn di<br /> lien vdi eac hien tUdng tieu cUc. Dgi Viet sii<br /> Trong muc nhdn vat chi ciia Lich trieu ky todn thu, d i n ra cac sy kien cd lien quan<br /> hien chUOng loai chi, Phan Huy Chu nhic mdi te trong cic ky thi HUdng, thi Hdi the<br /> den tren 100 nhan vat tiing qua thi cQ Nho ky XVII-XVIII. it n h i t la cac dang sau<br /> hgc ra lam quan. Trong dd chi cd 4 trUdng hdp (Xem bang 2):<br /> la: Nguyin Cdng Hang, Pham Dinh Trgng,<br /> TV. Trieu dinh tQ ddi Le Sd qua Le -<br /> Nguyin Quang Nhuan, Le Quy Ddn cd kem<br /> Trinh den Nguyin hang miy tram nam<br /> theo ddng chQ "di thi mgt lan dd ngay". NhU<br /> khdng phai khdng biet va da tang cUdng<br /> viy, nghia la 94/100 nhan vat iy thi tren mgt<br /> thay ddi cac bien p h i p vdi ngUdi di thi,<br /> lin mdi do. Gia pha hien cd cua cac ddng hg,<br /> ngUdi coi, ngUdi c h i m thi: ,<br /> du rat kieu hanh ve dng cha minh, vln dUa<br /> ra nhieu vi du ve nhiing ngUdi thi hdn mdt 1. Tdng cUdng khdu to chvCc kiem tra<br /> lan. Chang han Vu tdc gia pha (Gia pha hg phdt hien gian Ign cua thi sinh<br /> Vu lang Md Trach- Hai DUdng): Vu Dang<br /> Nam 1499: Ngdy vdo thi thi sinh bi<br /> Hie'n "Thi hgi mUdi khoa lien, deu trung tam<br /> kham xet rdt ngat d cong trUdng. Niu co ai<br /> trUdng", Vu Xuan Nhai "Nhieu lan di thi hgi<br /> dem sdch vd hay di thi gium thi bdt sung<br /> deu chi trung trUdng...".<br /> qudn, d ban phu ba ndm, trgn ddi khdng<br /> Khdng phai ngau nhien ma trong kho dugc di thi (le cam mang sdch vd, di thi<br /> tang van hgc chQ Han cua Viet Nam t h i t giiim vdo kiim sodt d sdn. Ngdy vdo thi cdc<br /> khd ke het bao nhieu bai thd mQng hay dau gidm sinh, sinh dd co ly do gi do dang b que<br /> khd ve chuyen thi do, hay trUdt. Ching thi phdi tdi trinh diin, diem danh tgi bdn<br /> ban, thd cua Tien si Doan Huyen (1808 - phd (le trinh dien diim danh bdt ddu tii<br /> 1882): Tdng anh con Bdc di thi HUOng; ddy), ngUdi ndo vdng mat bi phdt gidc thi<br /> Ldm thay Hdi tU vdn miing 6ng Cu! nhdn d bi sung qudn d bdn phu, ngUdi ndo len vdo<br /> Khdc Thuy; Thay ldi miing dng Cii nhdn trUdng hodc di thi gium deu bi tri tdi nhU<br /> V&n Cdc; Miing dng hg Dgng Vdn Co'c dd quy dinh".<br /> Qudc dan dgc hin ciia S6ng Kinh RghIa Thuc... 21<br /> <br /> <br /> B a n g 2: Cac h i n h thiic vi p h a m quy che t r o n g thi HUc^ng, t h i Hoi va thi Dinh<br /> ( t h e k y XVII-XVIII)<br /> <br /> Cac d a n c h i i n g<br /> TT Cac dang "tieu ciic" trong thi cii Trong t h i HUdng T r o n g thi Hoi -<br /> thi dinh<br /> 1 Thi sinh mang sach vao trUdng Cac kj> thi - 1664 Nguyin Khiem<br /> thi Hanh - 1757<br /> Hgc trd thudc bai vSn m i u , deu<br /> 2 ch6p lai n h u n h a u . Ngudi c h i m Tinh trang trUdc 1711<br /> tuy y phe duyet l i y do<br /> 3 Ddi quyen thi cho n h a u Dinh Thi Trung, Le<br /> Quy Kiet - 1775<br /> Tham Chinh Thanh Hoa<br /> 4 Quan trUdng n h a n hoi 16 Vu C i u Hdi, Tham chinh<br /> Sdn Tay Le Chi Dao - 1673<br /> c a y quyen t h e t h a n quen gQi Tham Chinh Thanh Hoa Phi Chua Trinh nhd<br /> 5 g i m hoc trd, ngUdi quen, khi thi, Vu C i u Hdi, Tham chinh c h i m bai cho em<br /> khi c h i m bai Sdn Tay Le Chf Dao - 1673 trai<br /> 6 Biet trUdc de thi, lam bai sftn 1786<br /> m a n g vao<br /> Xoay tien ke di thi bang each<br /> quan lam viec d trudng thi mang Ngo Sach Du - Phii Doan<br /> 7 g i i u sach vao trUdng, n g i m cho phu Phung Thien - 1673<br /> gia n h a n l^m thay quyen thi dUa<br /> vao c h i m de l i y do<br /> 8 Nhd ngUdi lam bai hoSc lam bai Giam thi trUdng Phung Nguyen Trat - 1623<br /> sSn cho ngUdi t h i (?) Thien-1717 (4).<br /> C h i m bai thi sai quyen dang do Tham Chinh Sdn Tay Le TrUdng hdp Nguyen<br /> 9 cho trUdt; thieu diem ma v i n do, Chf Dao- 1673 v a n Quang - 1631<br /> c h i m bai t h i theo cam tinh - Ngo Thi Sy - 1776<br /> 10 Hach sach tien, cua cua ngUdi da Nha mon hai ty ThQa,<br /> dd T a m trUdng, TQ trUdng Hien - 1687<br /> Cac trUdng thi Thanh-<br /> 11 Khao hach bai bUa bai Nghe, Phung Thien - 1698<br /> TrUdng Nghe An- 1743<br /> 12 Sl tQ do't pha trUdng thi TrUdng Thanh Hda - 1774<br /> <br /> 2. Khao hach (kiim tra lai chd't lUOng) Thiia hiin hdi ddng khao thi nhU le... Niu<br /> so ngUdi dd thi dd d tdt cd cdc cdp, nhdt Id ai cd tu tinh, phdt gidc dugc thi bi tri tdi".<br /> cdp thi Huong Nam 1664: Thiin hg cho rdng phdn Idn<br /> Nam 1511: Thdng 3 dinh rd li thi nhiing Sinh do trung cdc khoa trUdc chUa<br /> Huong giao cho xd trUdng lap sd cung kit ve phdi Id gioi, ben cho phuc khao Sinh dd cdc<br /> hgc trd trong xd, cd't Id co thiic liic hgc chii xii dd ddu ba khoa Ty, Mao, Ddu, d bdi cdt<br /> khdng ki so lugng nhieu it dUa lin cho bdn giiia sdng Nhi Hd. NgUdi dgt vdn Id Sinh<br /> quan chdu huyen khao mdt ky dm td, quan do, ngUdi khdng dgt thi dUOc hgc thim hai<br /> phu huyen khao ba bdi kinh nghia, quan ndm di dii thi HUOng lan nda. Niu thi<br /> 22 Rghien ciJru Ljch stir, sg 9.2007<br /> <br /> khdng ddu thi phdi vi ldm ddn, chiu sai quyit khoa cua sl td, ben ddc minh sai<br /> dich. ,_ quan d kinh tdi phd chua nghi di dang<br /> trinh, rSi sai ngUdi theo ngUa tram chuyin<br /> NhQng nam 1698, 1726, 1751, 1774...<br /> vi cdc trudng. Riing viing Thanh • Nghe b<br /> cic ddi chua Trinh da td chQc thi khao lai<br /> xa thi vdn giao cho cdc quan Hiin sdt ldm<br /> cic sinh dd vdi sd'lUdng Idn.<br /> Khdm sai md sdch ra de nhU cd...".<br /> 3. Thay ddi thi vdn thi, cdch ra di, cham<br /> 4. Tdng han ngach lay do<br /> thi<br /> NhUng, cai l u a n q u i n cua cac cai each<br /> N&m 1711: Li cu, quan trUdng ra de,<br /> khoa cii cua trieu dinh, nha't la th'3i Le -<br /> nhu vdn tii luc chdng qua khoang mUdi de,<br /> Trinh gid'ng nhU Con kiin md leo canh<br /> phu. chdng qua nam, ba di, din nay dd<br /> da, leo phdi canh cdc leo ra leo vdo, la d<br /> thdnh nip khdng hi thay doi. Din ndi ngUdi<br /> chd nao: "bo vdn sdch ludn thi ldm van<br /> hgc phdn nhieu sogn sdn truyen cho nhau<br /> bdt CO, bo vdn bdt co Igi ldm vdn sdch<br /> hgc thudc long, ngUdi thi cii theo bdi dd hgc<br /> ludn".<br /> chep ra nguyin vdn. Quan trU&ng khao<br /> duyet lai cho rdng cdc bdi gid'ng nhau Id sii Tieu eye trong khoa cQ Nho hgc gin<br /> thudng, cho nin dieu cam viec mang sdch nhu la mgt thugc tinh, mdt cSn benh "nan<br /> vd vdo trUdng vd di thi gium tuy nghiem y" cang chQa cang lan siu, chQa trieu<br /> ngdt nhUng ke thi dau phdn nhiiu Igi chQng nay, nay ra trieu chQng khac. Phan<br /> khdng cd thiic hgc. Din ddy nghi cdch thay Huy Chu tQng cho r i n g chinh qua thi cii l i<br /> doi thoi tuc te do. the hien suy thinh cua quoc gia.<br /> <br /> Nam 1720: Nghi dinh rdng thi HUOng V. Khdng phai chi den Ddng Kinh<br /> trUdc do deu do quan coi thi ra de, din ddy Nghia Thuc mdi nhan ra nhQng b i t cip<br /> bdn rang vi ky thi thii ba vd thd tU Id dip cua che do khoa c^ nay.<br /> Bang 3: Tang h a n ngach lay do t r o n g thi Hifofng (ttt 1720-1771)<br /> <br /> Stt Nam T h i Hifo(ng<br /> 1 1720 Trudng Sdn Nam<br /> P h u P h u n g Thien<br /> 2 1726 Hang Tam trUdng tQ 100 len 150<br /> H a n g TQ trUdng tQ 10 len 20<br /> 3 1743 L i y t h e m ngach do d trUdng thi HUdng vi dau nfim canh Hung gap<br /> nhieu thien tai, binh iQa khoa thi trUdc p h a i hoan<br /> 4 1768 Khoi phuc lai so' do d trUdng thi Sdn N a m<br /> Quy dinh so' sinh dd:<br /> + TrUdng Sdn N a m la 1.000. TQ trQdng \k 100<br /> 5 -1- T h a n h Hda 100<br /> 1771 -1- Nghe An, Kinh Bic, Hai DQdng, Sdn Tay: 80<br /> + P h u n g Thien: 20<br /> + An Quang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, H u n g Hda, Bd' Chanh; cQ<br /> 10 ngUdi do thi l i y t h e m 1 ngUdi<br /> Qugc dan dgc bin ciia Bgng Kinh RghIa Thuc. 23<br /> <br /> TQ the ky XVIII - XIX, khdng cd the ky Hdi nho thi hgc nhiing sdch thiin vdn, dia<br /> nao khdng cd nhQng ngUdi tran trd, phe ly, phong tuc thdi xUa cua Trung Hoa (md<br /> phan ve tinh trang khoa cQ Nho hgc, tQ ndi bay gid hg dd sita khdc rdi), din Idn di ldm<br /> dung, muc dich hgc tap, each hgc, each thi lai phdi theo thien vdn, dia ly chdnh sii,<br /> cii, ching han: phong tuc cua nUdc Nam khdng dinh ddng<br /> The ky XVIII, vdi nhQng kien nghi cua gi din sdch hgc cd... That Id gido due<br /> Bui Si Tiem, Ngd Thi Si, Le Quy Ddn... ngugc ddi" (5).<br /> The ky XIX, Nguyin TrUdng To (1828- Den Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc thi hinh<br /> 1871) khi de x u i t "8 viec can l i m ngay" thQc phe phan nay khdng chi dQng lai d<br /> (Te cap bat dieu) cho r i n g dd la nen giao mQc ly thuyet, d tQng diem nQa, ma la<br /> due "ngUOc ddi" khi dng chi ra "chung ta chieu hau, la phe phan toan bd mgt h?<br /> cdu ni tap qudn ddi xUa siing thUOng vdn thdng, l i tuyen chien quyet liet bang chinh<br /> chuong phii phiim nin chUa tung hodnh md hinh tren thQc te - du chi tdn tai ngin<br /> bd'n bi dugc... Hdi con be thi hgc vdn tii, ngui - nhQng rat rd rang, tren chinh manh<br /> thi phu, din khi Idn thi Igi ldm nhiing viec d i t cd lich sQ ngan nam cua truyen thdng<br /> thudc lugt, lich, binh, hinh... Hdi cdn be khoa cQ - khoa hoan. Sy quye't liet va vl dai<br /> thi hgc Son Ddng, SOn Tdy, d ddu ddu, din cua Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc vdi sQ nghiep<br /> Idn ldm viec thi Igi di Nam Ky, Bdc Ky. giao due la d chd nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Xem ldi gi6i thi^u trong Tha vdn Ddng kinh (4). Vi sU kien nfiy, cac sach ch6p khong giong<br /> nghia thuc. Nxb. Vfin hoa - Cue LUu trii Nhfi nU6c nhau: Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, vfi Khdm dinh Viet<br /> - Vien Viin dong Bac co Phap, Hfi Noi, 1997. sU thdng gidm ciidng muc ch6p giong nhau<br /> "Nguyen Trfit ngfim miJdn ngUdi Ifim bfii, vi^c phat<br /> (2). Khoa cit trong Tii dien Hdn - Viet cua Dfio<br /> giac, Vildng khong bing long, cho nen khoa fi'y,<br /> Duy Anh