Tác động của yếu tố bên ngoài đối với cao trào cách mạng 1930-1931 và Xô Viết - Nghệ Tĩnh

TAC DfiNG CUA YEU Tfl BEN NGOAl DOI VOI CAO TRAO<br /> CACH MANG 1930-1931 VA XO VIET - NGH| TINH<br /> <br /> flrvflrvrvf flrvflrvrvf NGUYfiN NGOC MAO'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> khoang thdi gian tfl 1918-1919, cac td chflc<br /> T rong lich sfl can hign dai, yeu to'<br /> qud'c te ddng vai trd het sflc quan<br /> trgng trong tien trinh phat trien eua moi<br /> cgng san tiep tuc dfldc hinh thanh d cac<br /> nfldc chau Au, nhfl Italia, Rumani, Tigp<br /> qudc gia. Cao trao each mang 1930-1931 va Khic,... Chfnh quyen Xd viet dfldc thidt lap<br /> Xd viet Nghe-Tlnh d Viet Nam bung phat d mgt so' nfldc. Cung trong khoang thdi gian<br /> each day 80 nam. Id sfl kign danh d i u t h i n g nay, tai cac chau luc khac, cac td chflc cgng<br /> ldi d i u tien eua each mang theo xu hfldng vd san x u i t hien, nhfl d Trieu Tien, Trung<br /> san, ddng thdi cung de lai nhflng tdn t h i t Qud'c, Lien bang Nam Phi, Oxtraylia, ...<br /> khdng nhd. Thing ldi vk tdn t h i t dd deu gin Theo sU nhdn dinh cfla Lenin, "... diin<br /> lien vdi tac dgng cfla yeu to'ben ngodi. bien cua tinh hinh nhat dinh phdi tgo diiu<br /> Tac dgng manh me nhd't, sau sic n h i t , kien thugn ldi cho phong trdo cdch mgng<br /> la t h i n g ldi cua Cdch mang Thang Mfldi cua vd sdn, rdng cdch mgng the gidi dd bdt<br /> Nga va vai trd to ldn eua Qud'c te Cgng san. ddu vd dang ldn mgnh d khdp cdc nildc"(,l).<br /> <br /> Tfl the ky XX, xu the phat trien cua lich Trong bd'i canh dd, Qud'c te Cgng san<br /> sfl nhan loai cd nhflng chuyen bien can ban (Qudc te HI) dUde thdnh lap thang 3-1919,<br /> mang tfnh bflde ngoat. Dae biet, t h i n g ldi n h i m thuc d i y nhanh chdng sU ra ddi cfla<br /> cua Cich mang Thang Mfldi Nga 1917 da cac Dang Cgng san, doan ket lUc lUdng each<br /> md ra thdi ky phat trien mdi eua phong mang d t i t ca cac nUde trong cugc d i u<br /> trao giai phdng dan tgc d cac nfldc thugc dia tranh giai cip dang ngay cang phat trien<br /> vk phu thugc. Mgt xu hfldng mdi x u i t hien dudi anh hudng to ldn cfla Cach mang<br /> trong phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, xu Thang Mudi.<br /> hfldng vd san, mk ngfldi trflc tiep td chflc Mgt trong nhflng v i n de then chdt dUdc<br /> truyen ba la Qud'c te Cgng san. Qudc td Cgng san quan tam, la v i n de dan<br /> Dudi anh hUdng triic tiep cua Cach tgc vk v i n de thugc dia. Trong "Set thdo ldn<br /> mang Thang Mudi Nga, phong trdo each thijt nhdt nhiing lugn ciiOng vi van di ddn<br /> mang, trUdc het, bung nd d h i u k h i p eac tgc vd thugc dia" cfla Lenin dUdc thao luan<br /> nUdc tfl ban chau Au. Ngay sau dd, hang tai Dai hdi H Qud'c te Cgng san nam 1920<br /> loat cac Dang Cgng san ra ddi d cac nfldc, chl ro: "... diiu quan trgng nhd't trong chinh<br /> nhfl. Hung, Hd Lan, P h i n Lan,... Trong sdch ciia Qud'c te Cdng sdn vi vdn di ddn<br /> <br /> <br /> • TS. Vien Sii hoc.<br /> T6c dgng ciia ygu tg t>gn ngoai... 45<br /> <br /> tgc vd vd'n di thugc dia phdi Id, ldm cho vd cac chau luc, n h i t la cac nfldc phfldng<br /> sdn vd qudn chiing lao ddng cua tdt cd cdc Ddng. Tfl ndm 1920, cac td chflc cgng san<br /> ddn tdc vd tdt cd cdc niidc gdn gdi nhau de l i n Ifldt ra ddi vk gifl vai trd quan trgng<br /> tien hdnh cugc ddu tranh cdch mgng chung trong cugc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc d<br /> nhdm Igt dd bgn dia chu vd giai cdp til sdn. nhieu nfldc cfla chau A.<br /> Bdi vi, chi cd sii gdn gdi dy mdi bdo ddm<br /> Rieng ddi vdi each mang Ddng Dfldng,<br /> viec chie'n thdng chu nghla tii bdn, ne'u<br /> do cd vi tri vk t i m anh hfldng het sflc quan<br /> khong CO chie'n thdng do thi khdng the thu<br /> trgng, Qud'c te Cgng san da cd sfl quan tam<br /> tieu dugc dch dp biic ddn tgc vd tinh trgng<br /> tfl r i t sdm. Nam 1920, chi sau mgt nam, ke<br /> bd't binh ddng (2).<br /> tfl khi thdnh lap, Qud'c te Cgng san da phai<br /> Lin d i u tien trong lich sfl, mgt td chflc ngfldi cfla minh den Sai Gdn chuan bi cho<br /> qudc te len tieng flng hg va keu ggi cae dan viec td chflc mgt trung tam tuyen truyen<br /> tdc phu thugc vk thudc dia dodn ket trong chu nghla cdng san cung vdi hai trung tam<br /> cugc d i u tranh giai phdng khdi ach ap bflc, khac d phfldng Ddng, la Thfldng Hai va<br /> bdc lot cua giai ed'p thdng tri. fn;:! ,-.:••-• Xingapo. Vi nhflng ly do khach quan va<br /> Sd thao Luan cfldng cfla Lenin cung nhfl chu quan, hai ngfldi Nga dfldc Qud'c te<br /> dfldng ldi cua Qudc te Cgng san da de ra Cgng san phai den phai trd ve nfldc (4).<br /> chien Ifldc vk sach Ifldc cho cugc each mang<br /> Tiep dd, tfl gifla thap nien 20 den cudi<br /> giai phdng dan tdc d cac thugc dia va phu<br /> thap nien 30 cua the ky trfldc, Qud'c te<br /> thugc, trong dd, tuy theo dieu kien cua mdi<br /> Cgng san da tiep nhdn va dao tao cho Viet<br /> nfldc, giai cip vd san phai n i m liy nggn cd<br /> Nam mgt dgi ngu can bg dang khoang tren<br /> lanh dao each mang, "dgc biet la phdi hiidng<br /> 60 ngfldi (5), cd trinh do ly luSn vk nang lflc<br /> td't cd mgi nd liic vdo viec dp dung nhUng<br /> td chflc, lanh dao each mang, trong dd cd<br /> nguyen tdc cd bdn cua che do xd-vie't d trong<br /> lanh tu kiet x u i t cfla each mang d i t nfldc<br /> cdc niidc md nhiing quan he tiin tit bdn chii<br /> la Hd Chf Minh, nhflng nha lanh dao each<br /> nghla dang thd'ng tri, bdng cdch lap nen "cdc<br /> mang tdi ba va nhQng cay ly luan sic bdn<br /> Xd-viet cua nhiing ngiidi lao ddng..." (3).<br /> nhfl, T r i n Phu, Le Hdng Phong, Nguyen<br /> Nhim trien khai chien Ifldc vk sach Ifldc Thi Minh Khai, Nguyen Khanh Toan, Tran<br /> tren day, dfldi sfl chi dao va giam sat trflc Van Giau...<br /> tiep eua Ban Chip hanh Qud'c te Cgng san,<br /> trfldc het, he thd'ng cac trfldng Dang qudc te NhQng can bg dang tren day cung vdi<br /> dfldc thdnh lap d Lien Xd. Ddng thdi, cae td ddi ngu can bg each mang dUdc Nguyen Ai<br /> chflc quin chung eua Qudc te Cdng san lin Qud'c ddo tao d Quang Chau (Trung Qudc)<br /> Ifldt ra ddi, nhfl Qud'c te Cdng hgi dd, Qud'c te ket hdp vdi lflc Ifldng each mang dfldc dao<br /> ndng dan, Qudc te thanh nien cgng san, Qud'c tao trflc tiep trong nfldc da trien khai kha<br /> te cflu te dd. Lien dodn ehdng ehu nghla de hieu qua dUdng Id'i vk chu trUdng cua Qudc<br /> qudc. Nhflng td chflc ndy deu cd nhflng nghi te Cdng san vdo Vigt Nam. NhQng tien de<br /> quyet va ehu trfldng ve hoat ddng cua minh d cho mgt phong trdo each mang theo xu<br /> eac nfldc thudc dia va phu thugc. hfldng vd san dfldc hinh thdnh va phat<br /> trien nhanh chdng.<br /> Tfl dd, Qud'c te Cgng san da md nhieu<br /> ldp h u i n luyen cho hang tram can bg moi Tfl nam 1925, khi Hgi Vigt Nam Cdch<br /> khda va trien khai sfl boat dgng cfla minh d mang thanh nien do Nguyen ai Qud'c thanh<br /> 46 Rghito eihi Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> lap ma nhQng hoat ddng cfla nd g i n lien cudc tap dugt each mang d i u tien do giai<br /> vdi ten tudi cfla Ngfldi, vdi chfl trUdng cfla cip vd san lanh dao.<br /> Qud'c te Cdng san, thi tU tudng eua Cach Cd the ndi, dudi tac dong trflc tidp cfla<br /> mang Thang Mudi, cfla chfl nghla Mac- Qudc te Cgng san, anh hudng manh me cfla<br /> Lenin dUdc td chflc nay truyen ba, da cd vu Cach mang Thang Mudi, nhQng dieu ki$n<br /> manh me phong trao cdng nhan phat trien va tien de cho phong trao each mang 1930-<br /> 6 nhieu ndi, nhU Sdi Gdn, Nam Dinh 1931 da dUcfc chuin bi, do la nhQng cugc<br /> (1926), Da Lat, Thai Nguyen (1927)... vdi da'u tranh soi noi cfla giai c i p cdng nhan va<br /> muc dfch ddi quyen dan sinh, dan chfl cd<br /> nhan dan lao dgng, sU ra ddi cfla cac td<br /> ban. Tfl nam 1928, "Phong trao vd san hda"<br /> chflc cgng san va sU thanh lap Dang Cgng<br /> cua Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang thanh nien<br /> san. Day, la ddng gdp vd cung ldn lao cfla<br /> di vdo q u i n chung cdng ndng da thue diy<br /> Qudc te Cgng san ddi vdi each mang Vigt<br /> nhanh chdng sU phdt trien ve qui md va<br /> Nam ndi chung, cugc tap dUdt each mang<br /> chit cua phong trao. Neu nhU trong hai<br /> 1930-1931 d i u tien ndi rieng.<br /> nam 1926-1927, dien ra 17 cugc d i u tranh<br /> cfla cdng nhan, thi trong cac nam 1928- Ben canh nhiing ddng gdp to ldn, Qudc tM<br /> 1929, sd lUdng cac cudc d i u tranh len den Cgng san cdn cd nhQng han chd n h i t dinh,<br /> con sd tren 40 d h i u k h i p d i t nUdc (6). dang chii y la mgt sd chfl trUdng tai Dai hgi<br /> NhQng cudc d i u tranh nay deu cd td chflc VI nam 1928, da gay khd khan cho phong<br /> va quy md ngay cang ldn, khdng chi ddi cdc trao giai phdng dan tgc tren thd gidi, anh<br /> quyen ldi kinh te, ma cdn n h i m ca muc hudng tieu ciic den phong trao each mang<br /> dich chfnh tri, nhfl cho'ng lai cac chfnh sach 1930-1931 dang phat triin d Vigt Nam.<br /> ap bflc bdc lot cfla thflc dan phong kien. Trong khi gidi cim quyen cac nUdc tU<br /> Cugc da'u tranh cfla cdng nhan, ddng thdi ban k h i n g dinh sU ben vQng cfla chfl nghia<br /> ldi cud'n cac t i n g ldp nhan dan lao dgng tu ban, ngay tfl nam 1928, Qudc td Cong<br /> khac tao thdnh lan sdng manh me va la san da nhan dinh sang sudt va khach quan<br /> tien de trflc tiep cho phong trao each mang ve mgt cugc khflng hoang kinh te toan dign<br /> 1930-1931. s i p bung phat trong the gidi tU ban. Tfl sU<br /> nhan dinh cd can cfl nay, Qudc te Cong san<br /> Tii giQa nam 1929, cac td chflc cgng san: phan doan ve mgt cao trao each mang s i p<br /> Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Dang, An Nam Cgng dien ra trong pham vi toan c i u va sU cao<br /> san Dang va Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Lien chung ta't yeu cfla chfl nghia tU ban (8).<br /> doan l i n Ifldt ra ddi, deu gifldng cao nggn Them vao dd, la bai hgc t h i t bai cfla phong<br /> cd cfla each mang vd san. Trfldc ddi hdi cfla trao giai phdng dan tgc d mgt sd nUdc chau<br /> thflc tiin, va sU chi dao cfla Qud'c te Cdng A, trong dd cd bai hgc xUdng mau cfla Cdng<br /> san, d i u nSm 1930, cac td chflc cgng san xa Quang Chau nSm 1927 (Trung Qudc) da<br /> thd'ng nha't vao mgt Dang Cgng san. Su tac ddng manh den chfl trUdng cfla Qudc t^<br /> kign nay "ddnh ddu mdt biidc ngogt cdn Cgng san.<br /> bdn trong lich sit cdch mgng Viet Nam, "Dd Trudc het, Dai hgi VI Qudc te Cgng san<br /> la lich svt cda nhiiu cao trdo cdch mgng nam 1928 da dUa ra sU danh gia chfl quan<br /> lien tuc vd nhiiu cugc khdi nghla anh ve giai cip tu san dan tgc d cac thuoc dja vk<br /> dung" (7), trong dd phong trdo 1930-1931 la phu thugc.<br /> Tac dgng cfla ygu tg bto ngoai... 47<br /> <br /> <br /> Luan CUdng va Nghi quydt cua Dai hgi ndng dan b i n g con dfldng bao ddng vQ<br /> VI QTCS chi ro, "giai cap til sdn ddn tdc dd trang, tap trung lflc Ifldng chdng giai cip tU<br /> ddnh mdt y nghla site mgnh trong cudc ddu san nUdc nay (12).<br /> tranh chdng chii nghla de qud'c" vk anh<br /> Dai hgi da dUa ra nhflng quyet dinh<br /> hudng cfla nd trong q u i n chung dang bi<br /> quan trgng, trong dd tuyen bd chim dflt cac<br /> thu hep, vi vay, c h i nghla dan tdc tU san<br /> mdi lien he vdi cac dang qudc gia, giai cip<br /> "trong mdi quan hi vdi giai cdp cdng nhdn<br /> tfl san, thflc hidn dfldng ldi d i u tranh giai<br /> CO rdt it cd hgi thdng ldi (9). Trong cde van<br /> cip trigt de, tang cfldng tinh chien d i u dgc<br /> kien eua Dai hgi VI s^ chi ra ring, mgt<br /> lap cfla giai cip vd san, giQ vQng lap trfldng<br /> khi sU phan hda chfnh tri cfla cac giai cip<br /> kien dinh cfla cac Dang Cgng san, ddng<br /> dat den mflc nao dd, thi quang dai ndng<br /> thdi chl dao cac Dang Cgng san d i u tranh<br /> dan va cac t i n g ldp ban vd san thanh thi<br /> sin sang di theo giai cip cdng nhan, khi dd gianh chfnh quyen.<br /> hg trd thanh ddi khang vdi giai cip tfl san. Ngay sau Dai hgi VI Qudc te Cgng san<br /> Vi the, nhigm vu giai phdng khdi ach thdng 1928, nam 1929 Hgi nghi toan the l i n thfl<br /> tri cfla chfl nghla de qudc cin phai gin lien X Ban Chip hanh Qudc te Cgng san ra<br /> vdi nhigm vu thiet lap ba quyen lanh dao nghi quyet vd viec chinh Dang trong tinh<br /> cfla giai cip cdng nhan trong phong trao hinh mdi cfla phong trdo Cgng san qudc te :<br /> giai phdng dan tgc, ddng thdi phai thfl tieu "Trong Hnh vUc chinh sdch ndi bd ddng,<br /> b i t ky sfl lien minh nao cfla Dang Cdng san nhiem vu trgng tdm cda Qud'c te Cgng sdn<br /> vdi nhdm ddi lap qudc gia-cai Ifldng (10). Id ddu tranh chdng chu nghla ca hdi-vdt<br /> truyin ddn cdc xu hUdng xd hdi-ddn chU<br /> Tren thflc te, giai cip tfl san dan tgc d<br /> trong phong trdo cdng sdn. Khdng tien<br /> nhieu nfldc phfldng Ddng dang gifl vai trd<br /> hdnh thanh lgc trong cdc ddng cdng sdn<br /> khdng nho trong cugc d i u tranh giai phdng<br /> nhdm logi bo cdc phdn tit cO hgi cdng khai<br /> dan tgc. Ve diem nay, ngay tfl nam 1920,<br /> vd gidu mat thi cdc ddng cgng sdn khdng<br /> Lenin da lflu y Qudc te Cdng san, mgt mat,<br /> the tien len phia trUdc mdt cdch thdng Icti<br /> trong nhflng dieu kien n h i t dinh, phai ung<br /> nhdm gidi quye't cdc nhiem vu mdi dUcfc ddt<br /> hg cac lflc Ifldng ddn chfl tfl san d cdc nfldc<br /> ra do cudc ddu tranh giai cdp trd nen gay<br /> thugc dia va phu thugc trong cugc d i u<br /> gdt trong giai dogn mdi cua phong trdo<br /> tranh chdng chu nghla de qudc, mat khac<br /> cdng nhdn" (13). Tai Dai hgc phfldng Ddng<br /> "phdi kien quyet giU vUng tinh dgc ldp cda<br /> va tai cac trfldng cao ding cgng san khac,<br /> phong trdo vd sdn, dii cho phong trdo ndy<br /> ndi cd hgc sinh Viet Nam theo hgc cung<br /> cdn d dudi hinh thiic phdi thai nhd't" (11).<br /> tien hanh mgt ddt thanh lgc can bg sau<br /> Tfl sfl danh gia chfla dung giai cip tU rdng, n h i m loai bo "nhiing phdn tit xa lg<br /> san dan tgc, Dai hgi l i n thfl VI Qudc te vdi ddng lot vdo trUdng" (14).<br /> Cgng san da nhanh chdng thay dd'i sdch<br /> Ifldc ddi vdi cac thugc dia va phu thudc. Tfnh chit ta khuynh nay da anh hfldng<br /> trflc tiep den phong trao each mang 1930-<br /> Dai hdi dat nhigm vu trfldc Dang Cdng<br /> 1931.<br /> san Trung Qudc la phai gianh chi'nh quyen.<br /> Cdn ddi vdi Dang Cgng san An Do, Dai hdi Khi Nghi quyet cfla Qudc td Cgng san<br /> yeu ciu p h i t cao k h i u hieu d i u tranh thiet dfldc trien khai, thi d Viet Nam, cac td chflc<br /> lap chuyen chi'nh vd san va chuyen chfnh va dang chinh tri theo xu hfldng vd san<br /> 4S Rghien cihi Ljch sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> dang d i u tranh gianh quyen lanh dao each Xd Viet. Cd khi, vdi mdt nhdm ngUdi dinh<br /> mang. Cac td chflc va dang chinh tri da cdng, hg cdng dinh td chiic xdviei (18).<br /> bflde vdo mgt "cupc chgy dua". Hg xuc tien Thfldng nhflng ddt ed dgng, nhat la nhQng<br /> van ddng q u i n chung d i u tranh vdi chfldng dip Cach Mang Thang Mfldi, "dd tdc dgng<br /> trinh hanh dgng va nhflng khau hieu cung rdt mgnh den qudn chiing" (19).<br /> r i t ta theo tinh t h i n Dai hgi VI Qudc te<br /> Tfnh c h i t ta khuynh dfldc the hign ro<br /> Cgng san. Dieu dd dfldc the hign trong<br /> ndt 5 hai tinh Nghe An va Ha "Hnh. Ching<br /> hdng loat tai lieu cfla nhflng dang nay.<br /> han, khi phong trao dang xudng, vao thang<br /> Ching han, trong Tuyen ngdn cfla Ddng<br /> 4-1931, Xfl fly Trung Ky ra Chi thi thanh<br /> Dfldng Cgng san Dang, trong Ldi keu ggi,<br /> dang. Ngay sau dd, Tinh fly Nghg An chfl<br /> hoae trong cac tai lieu tuyen truyen cua<br /> trfldng: "dudi sgch sdnh sanh ra ngodi hit<br /> Dang ndy nam 1929, thfldng xuyen de cap<br /> thdy nhiing bgn tri, phu, dia, hdo. Neu<br /> den vigc lap chfnh quyen Xd vidt hoac<br /> ddng chi ndo mud'n ldm cdch mgng, tii<br /> chfnh phfl Xd viet (15), trong khi chfla dfl<br /> nguyen diing vi phia giai cdp vd sdn md<br /> dieu kien de lam cugc each mang. Dae bigt,<br /> phdn ddu cdng khdng cho diCng trong<br /> nhflng dip ky niem ldn trong nam 1929,<br /> Ddng" (20). Hdu qua la, dd'i tfldng thugc<br /> nhfl ky niem Cach mang Thang Mfldi,<br /> dign thanh dang p h i n ldn \k trf thflc xuit<br /> Quang Chau Cdng xa, Ddng Dfldng Cgng<br /> san Dang da dfla ra nhflng khau hieu hoac than tfl nhflng thanh p h i n kha gia ed tinh<br /> phat hanh nhQng so' bao dae biet mang t h i n yeu nfldc da h i p thu chfl nghla Mac-<br /> tinh hieu trieu q u i n chung dflng len lam Lenin vk cd ddng gdp dang ke cho sfl<br /> each mang, trong dd nha'n manh "lap nghiep each mang da bi loai ra khdi vi tri<br /> Chinh phii Xd viet cdng-ndng-binh Ddng edng tac de nhUdng chd cho nhflng dang<br /> Duang! "Thiic hdnh chuyen chinh vd sdn vd vien cd thdnh phan x u i t than tfl edng-<br /> chu nghla cdng sdn!." (16) Khi lan sdng ndng, nhflng trinh do t h i p , da lam phong<br /> each mang bflde vdo thdi diem cao trao, trao vdn dang xudng trd nen tram trgng,<br /> nhan ngay Qud'c te dd, ngdy 1-8-1930, Dang d i n den bi te liet. Dang da kip thdi cd<br /> Cgng san phat dgng ddt da'u tranh mdi vdi nhflng ud'n n i m sai l i m ndy cfla cac cip uy<br /> nhflng khau hieu: Trung Ky. Ngay sau khi b mgt sd huygn<br /> nhfl, Thanh Chfldng, Nam Dan thanh lap<br /> "- Ddnh dd de qud'c Phdp, dia chu. vd cac Xd Viet, Dang da ehi rd: "... chu trUdng<br /> quan ldng! nhu the thi chUa dung hodn cdnh vi trinh<br /> - XUDdng Duang hodn todn dgc lap! do du bi cua Ddng vd qudn chung trong<br /> - Lap chinh phu cdng ndng!" (17). nUdc chUa du, vu. trang bao ddng cung chUa<br /> cd-bgo ddng rieng li trong vdi dia phUdng<br /> Khdng phai ngdu nhien, trong bao eao<br /> trong luc bdy gid Id qud sdm, la manh ddng<br /> gfli Qud'c te Cgng san ngay 5-3-1930 ve<br /> (putschisme)" (21).<br /> phong trao each mang d An Nam nam<br /> 1929, mgt mat, Nguyen Ai Qudc k h i n g Nhfl vay, tfnh c h i t ta khuynh cua Dai<br /> dinh nhflng ddng gdp tfch cflc cua Ddng hgi VI Qud'c te Cgng san \k nhan td trflc<br /> Dfldng Cgng san Dang, mat khac, Ngfldi tiep thuc d i y phong trao each mang 1930-<br /> cung ehi ra nhflng han che cua Dang ndy. 1931 d Viet Nam trd nen gay git, quyet<br /> "Thi du khi mgt cugc dinh cdng no ra, hg liet, d i n den sfl thanh lap gfldng dp cac Xd<br /> phdt ngay ra nhiing truyin dan cd in ddu viet b Nghg-TInh.<br /> T6c dgng ciia ygu tg ta^ ngoai... 49<br /> <br /> Cach mang Viet Nam va each mang ngfldi cdng san Viet Nam da td chflc ky<br /> Trung Qud'c vdn cd mdi lien he qua lai. Moi nigm Cdng xa Quang Chau bing cac hinh<br /> sfl kien ed t i m quan trgng d Trung Qudc thflc nhfl, mft tinh, rai truyen ddn d nhieu<br /> deu tac ddng den tinh hinh Viet Nam. dia phUdng Bic Ky va Trung Ky. Nhflng<br /> Quang Chdu edng xa la mdt trong nhflng hoat ddng ndy ddng thdi eung phu hdp vdi<br /> sfl kien dd. Trfldc hdnh dgng phan bgi eua Nghi quyet eua Dai hgi VI Qud'c te Cgng<br /> Tfldng Gidi Thach da tan sat cae cd sd cua san 1928 ve vigc flng hd vk noi theo each<br /> Dang Cdng san d nhieu ndi, nhflng ngfldi mang Trung Qud'c. "Qudng-chdu cdng xd<br /> cgng san da lanh dao q u i n chung cdng cung Id mdt yeu td' thuc ddy phong trdo<br /> ndng dflng len khdi nghla, md tieu bieu la d cdng nhdn vd ddn tdc Viet Nam de'n mdt<br /> thanh phd Quang Chau. Tai day, 30.000 budc ngogt" (23).<br /> edng nhan vk binh si da chiem linh thanh<br /> Cugc khung hoang kinh te the gidi 1929-<br /> phd va thanh lap Cdng xa Quang Chau -<br /> 1933 da gay hau qua nang ne dd'i vdi t i t ea<br /> mdt hinh thflc chfnh quyen edng ndng theo<br /> cac qud'c gia, nha't la nhflng nfldc tfl ban,<br /> md hinh Xd viet eua nfldc Nga. Quan dgi<br /> trong dd cd nfldc Phap. Cugc khung hoang<br /> Qudc Dan dang cua Tfldng Gidi Thach da<br /> kinh te the gidi nd ra d i u tien d My vao<br /> dan ap da man, giet hai g i n 10.000 ngfldi,<br /> cud'i thang 10-1929, sau dd lan ra cac nfldc<br /> trong dd cd hang ngdn dang vien va khoang<br /> tfl ban ldn nhfl, Anh (cud'i 1929), Itaha (diu<br /> 100 cgng tac vien cua lanh sfl quan Lien Xd<br /> 1930), Nhat Ban (thang 3-1930)... Cdn d<br /> (22). Tuy bi t h i t bai, nhflng Cdng xa Quang<br /> Phap, khung hoang kinh te chi b i t d i u tfl<br /> Chau da ed vu manh me phong trao each<br /> gifla nam 1930 va kdo dai den 1935.<br /> mang dang dang eao d chau A, n h i t la d<br /> Vigt Nam. Tfl bai hgc cua Cdng xa Quang Bieu hien khung hoang d i u tien d Phap<br /> Chau, nhflng td chflc vk dang ehinh tri theo la sfl pha san cua hang loat ngan hang va<br /> xu hfldng vd san d Viet Nam, n h i t la sau dd kdo theo nhieu nganh kinh te khac.<br /> nhflng dang vien eua Hgi Vigt Nam Cach La thugc dia cua Phap, Viet Nam eung<br /> mang Thanh nien dang hoat dgng d Trung n i m trong vdng xoay cua cugc khung<br /> Qud'c, ma trong so' dd, ed nhQng ngUdi trflc hoang dd. Nhflng d i u hieu cua khung<br /> tiep tham gia vdo cugc khdi nghla bi bit, da hoang d Viet Nam eung b i t d i u tfl gifla<br /> nhan thflc mgt each sau sic ve cugc d i u nam 1930 vdi sfl sut giam dot nggt cua gia<br /> tranh khdng khoan nhfldng vdi t i t ea cac gao. Thang 4-1930, 1 ta gao \k 13 ddng,<br /> xu hfldng phi vd san, ve vai trd lanh dao thang 9-10,6 ddng, thang 3/1931-7,Iddng,<br /> cfla nhflng ngfldi cgng san trong vigc td thang 7/1932-5,62 ddng vk thang 11/1933-<br /> chflc, vdn dgng quan chung edng ndng dflng 3,2 ddng (24). Hang loat cac edng ty thugc<br /> len d i u tranh. Qua thflc tien, hg nhan thflc cac Hnh vflc kinh te khac nhau, nhfl ndng-<br /> ring, ehinh quyen sau khi gianh dfldc se la lam-ngfl nghiep, md ham da, cdng nghigp<br /> chinh quyen cfla giai cip cdng ndng theo che bien, cdng trinh xay dflng, van tai,<br /> md hinh Xd viet, nhfl Cdng xa Quang Chau. thfldng mai, bat dgng san, ngan hang-bio<br /> Diu hieu d i u tien tfl sfl tac dgng cua cdng hiem... bi pha san. Nam 1930, cd 17 cdng ty<br /> xa Quang Chau dd'i vdi each mang Vigt pha san vdi so' tU ban chi mdi 42.966<br /> Nam la sfl ra ddi cua nhflng td chflc cgng francs, thi vao cae nam 1931, 1932, 1933,<br /> san va sfl thd'ng n h i t vao mgt Dang Cgng eac ehi sd tfldng flng la, 26-108.657; 24-<br /> san. Ngay 12-12-1929, lin d i u tien, nhflng 37.635.000; 26-49.920.000 (25). Sfl suy<br /> 50 Rghien ciJru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> thoai cua h i u het cac linh vUc kinh te da quyen lanh dao tuyet ddi cfla Dang Cdng<br /> anh hudng triic tiep den ddi sd'ng cac t i n g san. Day, Id nguyen nhan trflc tiep d i n den<br /> ldp xa hgi Viet Nam d nhflng mflc do khac sfl bung phat cao trao each mang 1930-<br /> nhau, trong dd quan chung lao dgng chiu 1931 va Xd viet Nghe-Tlnh. Sfl kien nsy "...<br /> hau qua nang ne n h i t , dae biet la giai cip khdng dinh trong thiic te q-j,yen ldnh dgo<br /> edng nhan va ndng dan. Nam 1929, ndng vd ndng lUc ldnh dgo cdch mgng cua giai<br /> dan ban 0,5 ta gao (gia 11,58 ddng/ta) du 1 cdp vd sdn md dgi bieu Id Ddng ta; d chd no<br /> xua't thue than, thi vao nam 1932, phai ban dem lgi cho ndng ddn niim tin viing chdc<br /> 1 ta (gia 5,49 ddng/ta) va 1934, phai ban g i n vdo giai cdp vd sdn; ddng thdi dem lgi cho<br /> 2 ta (gia 3,20 ddng/ta) (26). Sd cdng nhan ddng ddo qudn chung cdng ndng Ibng tU tin<br /> that nghigp mdi nam mgt tang. Nam 1930, d sUc lUc cdch mgng vl dgi cua minh" (29).<br /> sd edng nhan md la 45.700, vao cac nam<br /> Ben canh nhflng tac dgng tfch cflc,<br /> 1931, 1932 giam xudng cdn 36.000 vk<br /> phong trdo each mang 1930-1931 va Xd viet<br /> 33.500. Tfl cudi 1930 den cudi 1934, rieng sd<br /> Nghg-Tlnh cdn chiu nhQng tac ddng qua ta<br /> cdng nhan md bi mat vigc len tdi g i n 11<br /> tfl mgt sd chfl trfldng chfl quan eua Qudc te<br /> ngan ngfldi. Vao nam 1931, Ifldng binh quan<br /> Cgng san. Hau qua la, phong trao bi thflc<br /> cua 1 cdng nhan nam chi Id 0,38 ddng/1<br /> dan Phap ddn ap d i m mau, gay tdn t h i t<br /> ngay, nhflng nam sau dd tiep tuc giam (27).<br /> kha ldn cho each mang. P h i n ldn eac fly<br /> Qua dd cd the thiy, tfl cudi nam 1930, cugc vien Ban c h i p h a n h Trung fldng Dang,<br /> khung hoang mdi that sfl anh hfldng den Viet trong dd cd Td'ng Bi thfl T r i n Phu; cae fly<br /> Nam. Tren thflc te, neu khdng ed cugc khung vien Xfl fly Bic Ky, Trung Ky vk nhieu can<br /> hoang, xa hdi Viet Nam ndi chung, nen kinh bg chfl chd't khac cfla Dang bi b i t va hy<br /> te ndi rieng, v i n ludn rdi vao tinh trang sinh. He thdng td chflc Dang h i u nhfl bi<br /> "khung hoang kinh nien" (28). pha tren pham vi toan qudc. Hang ngan<br /> Tuy nhien, khung hoang kinh te the gidi dang vien va can bg flu tu bi sat hai. Hang<br /> eung la mgt trong nhQng nhan to' thuc d i y chuc ngan ngfldi bi tra t i n , giam cim trong<br /> sfl phat trien cfla cao trdo each mang 1930- cac trai giam. Cach mang bflde vao thdi ky<br /> 1931 va Xd viet Nghe Tinh. thoai trao.<br /> Nhfl vay, tac ddng cfla ydu td ben ngodi Ngay nay, d i t nfldc dang bflde vao xu<br /> dd'i vdi eao trdo each mang 1930-1931 va Xd the hgi nhdp, tac dgng cfla nhflng yeu td<br /> Viet Nghg-Hnh la ca mgt qua trinh, trong ben ngoai ngay cang ldn va het sflc da<br /> dd anh hfldng cfla Cach mang Thang Mfldi dang. Bai hgc tfl sfl tiep thu nhflng yeu td<br /> Nga vk Qud'c te Cdng san ddng vai trd to tfch cflc va loai bd nhflng yeu td tieu cflc<br /> ldn. Sfl tac dgng ndy da lam eho xu hfldng phu hdp vdi dieu kien cfla Viet Nam ma cao<br /> giai phdng dan tgc b Viet Nam tren ldp trao each mang 1930-1931 va Xd viet Nghg-<br /> trfldng cfla giai cip vd san t h i n g the vdi Tlnh de lai v i n cdn nguyen gia tri.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHUTHlCH<br /> (1). V.I.Lenin: Todn tap, t i p 37, Nxb. Tien bp, (2). V.I.Ldnin: Todn tdp, t i p 41, Nxb. Til'n bp,<br /> MatxcPva, 1978, tr. 597. Matxcdva, 1978, tr. 199.<br /> Y&c dgng cfla ygu tg ben ngoai. 51<br /> <br /> <br /> (3), (11). V.I.Ldnin: Toin tip, tip 41, sdd, tr. (18). Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, tip 3- 1930-1945,<br /> 204. Nxb. Chfnh tri qudc gia, Hi Npi, 1995, tr. 37.<br /> <br /> (4). Nguyin Thinh: Qudc te Cgng sdn vd cdch (19). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin Ddng<br /> mgng Ddng-Duang. Tap chi "Cpng san", sd 2-1983, todn tap, tip 2-1930. Sdd, tr. 36.<br /> tr. 55.<br /> (20). Ban nghidn ciiu lich sii Dang tinh Ngh§<br /> (5). A.A. Xoeoldp: Qudc te Cdng sdn vd Viet Tinh. Xd - Viet Nghi Tinh. Nxb. Su Thit. H i Npi,<br /> Nam. Nxb. Chi'nh tri Qudc gia, H i Npi, 1999, tr. 1981, tr. 78.<br /> 64.<br /> (21). Dang Cong san Vipt Nam. Vdn kien Ddng<br /> (6). Ngo Vin Hoa, DUdng Kinh Quoc: Giai cdp Todn tap, t i p 2-1930. Sdd, tr. 83.<br /> cdng nhdn Viet Nam nhiing ndm tnidc khi thdnh lap<br /> (22). Vipn Sit hpc, The gidi-nhitng sU kien lich<br /> Ddng, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. H i Npi, 1978, tr. 335.<br /> suf the ky XX (1901-1945). Nxb. Giao dijc. H i Npi,<br /> (7). Le Du^n: DUdi Id cd vi vang cua Ddng vi 2001, tr. 203.<br /> dgc lap, tu do vi chu nghia xd hgi tii'n lin gidnh<br /> (23). Trin Vin Giiu: Tdc phdm dUac tang gidi<br /> nhdng thdng lai mdi, Nxb. Su Thit, H i Npi, 1972,<br /> thudng Hd Chi Minh, Quyen I. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa<br /> tr. 11.<br /> hpi. H i Npi, 2003, tr. 522.<br /> (8). Vi^n Hin lim Khoa hpc Lidn X6: Lich sd<br /> (24). Paul Isoart: Chu nghla ddn tgc Viet Nam,<br /> the gidi. Tip 9. Nxb. Kinh td'-xi hpi, Mitxedva,<br /> tr. 52. (TL 62(15), lUu ThU vi^n Vi^n Sii hpc)<br /> 1962, tr. 169 (Tid'ng Nga).<br /> (25). Pham Dinh Tin: Chu nghla dequdc Phdp<br /> (9), (10), (12). Qudc ti' Cgng sdn vd phuang<br /> vd tinh hinh cdng nghiip d Viet Nam dUdi thdi<br /> Ddng, Nhi xui't ban sich phUdng Dong, Matxcdva,<br /> thudc Phdp, Nxb. Su Thit, H i Npi,1959, tr. 62, 65.<br /> 1969, tr. 155-156, 156-157, 156 (Tid'ng Nga).<br /> (26). Trin Huy Lipu, Nguyin LUdng Bich, Vin<br /> (13), (14). A.A. Xoeoldp: Qudc te Cdng sdn vd<br /> T?io, Hudng Tin: Cdch mgng Can dgi Viet Nam,<br /> Viit Nam. Sdd, tr. 110-111, 111.<br /> Ban nghidn ciiu xui't ban vin sii dja 1956, tip VI.<br /> (15). Dang Cpng san Vi$t Nam. Vdn kiin Ddng tr. 122. , ., .<br /> todn tdp, t i p 1. Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia, Hi Npi,<br /> (27). Trin Huy Li^u, Nguyin LUdng Bich, Vin<br /> 1998, tr, 212, 226, 237, 238.<br /> Tao, Hudng Tin: Cdch mgng Can dgi Viet Nam.<br /> (16). Ban Chi'p h i n h Dang bp Dang Cpng san sdd, tr. 132.<br /> Vipt Nam tinh Nghp An. Lich sd Ddng bd Nghi (28). Dang Cpng san Vipt J*Jam. Vdn kien Ddng<br /> An, tip I, (1930-1945). Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, Todn tdp, t i p 4-1932-1934. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc<br /> 1997, tr. 49; Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin gia. H i Npi, 1999. tr. 156.<br /> Ddng todn tdp, t i p 1, sdd, tr. 582.<br /> (29). Ld Du^n: DUdi Id cd ve vang cua Bdng vi<br /> (17). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin Ddng ddc ldp, tu do, vi chu nghla xd hdi tien len gidnh<br /> Todn tdp, t^p 2-1930. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi nhdng thdng lai mdi. Nxb. Si^ Thit. Hi Npi, 1972,<br /> NOi, 1998, tr. 53. tr. 37.<br />