Tính hệ thống và quy mô của Vân Đồn, nhận thức về vai trò và vị thế của một thương cảng

TINH HE THONG VA QUY MO CUA VAN DON<br /> NHAN THUfC VE VAI TRO VA VI THE CUA MOT THlATNG GANG<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN VAN KIM'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Truyen t h o n g va vi the cua mot vung roi, nhu lich sil da cho tha'y, tii trong truyen<br /> thiidng cang thdng xa hoi, van hoa va gan vdi qua trinh<br /> hinh thanh, phat trien ciia cac qud'c gia<br /> Tren lanh tho' ciia To' qud'c ta, cl hai khu<br /> Dong Nam A, cac nudc trong khu vUc deu da<br /> vUc Dong Bae va Tay Nam cd hai vinh bie'n<br /> chiu anh hudng manh me dong thdi tiep<br /> gifil vi the Dia - kinh te, Dia - chie'n liidc het<br /> nhSn nhieu gia tri van hoa, chinh tri, kinh<br /> sflc quan trong. Ne'u nhu vinh Bae Bg sdm<br /> tetU cac nen van minh Idn nay (2).<br /> cd nhieu moi quan he gan bd mat thie't vdi<br /> diin tie'n lich sit, van hda, kinh te cua cac Vdi dien tich 126.250 km^ (36.000 hai ly<br /> quoc gia khu vUc Dong Bie A thi viing Bie'n vuong) Vinh Bae Bo la mot trong nhiing<br /> Tay, con goi la vinh Thai Lan hay vinh Xiem vinh Idn ciia Dong Nam A va the gidi. Vinh<br /> (Siam Gulf), tii nhflng the ky dfiu sau Cong diidc bao boc bcli bd bien ciia hai nUdc Viet<br /> nguyen, da cd moi lien he rpng Idn vdi cac Nam, Trung Quoc va cd khong gian md rdng<br /> quoc gia Dong Nam A va Tay Nam A. Trong dan ve phia Nam, hudng ra Bien Dong.<br /> lich sil, vung Bien Tay vdi eo bien Kra chay Trong dd, vung bd bien Dong Bic Viet Nam<br /> xuyen qua ban dao Ma Lai {Malay gom 10 tinh, thanh pho'vdi chieu dai 763km.<br /> Peninsula), da la mach nguon giao thUdng Vdi Trung Quoc, vinh giap vdi viing bien ciia<br /> chinh yeu giiia nhieu vUdng quoc Dong Nam ba tinh Quang Tay, Quang Dong va Hai<br /> A vdi An Do va Nam A. Vdi tU each la mot Nam. Day la cac tinh cd truyen thd'ng hai<br /> The che hien, hinh thanh cl viing chau tho thudng va tit rat sdm da cd nhieu moi lien he<br /> song Cilu Long, sU phat trien ciia Phu Nam mat thie't vdi Viet Nam va cac quoc gia Dong<br /> (the ky II - VII) khong the tach rdi vdi tuyen Nam A.<br /> giao thudng giCla hai bd dai dUdng nay (1).<br /> Khu vUc Vinh Bae Bg, mot bg phan quan<br /> Tii khoang the ky V-VI trd di, vi nhieu<br /> trgng cua Bie'n Dong, vdi tiem nang kinh te<br /> nguyen nhan, cac eo bien Malacca, Sunda<br /> va moi trUdng van hoa phong phii, da sdm<br /> da dan thay the vai tro ciia Kra, trcl thanh<br /> hinh thanh nen nen van hoa bien Ha Long<br /> cac tuyen giao luu huyet mach, no! ket An<br /> noi tie'ng. "Nhiing da'u van hda Ha Long<br /> Do Dudng vdi Dai Tay Dudng, giiia Dong<br /> khong chi tim tha'y tren toan bg khu vuc<br /> Nam A vdi cac the gidi An Do va Tay A... De<br /> mien Bae Viet Nam hien nay ma cdn tha'y ca<br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Truang Dai hoc KHXH&NV- Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi<br />  Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg S.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> 6 mien Trung, mien Nam, va xa hdn the Hoa va Bic Dong DUdng, nhQng chii nhan<br /> naa, 5 ca Nam Trung Quoc, Dong Nam a luc ciia van hoa Dong Sdn da truyen ba van hoa<br /> dia va Dong Nam A hai dao" (3). Nen van Ilia nUdc, trd'ng dong, tuc xam minh, cl nha<br /> hoa dd, trong qua trinh hinh thanh, phat san len phia Bic, den khu vUc vSn hoa Ddng<br /> trien thong qua cac tuyen giao thUdng va Bic A (6). Ddng chay van hoa tii phUdng<br /> chuoi dao, da cd nhieu mdi giao lUu mat Nam da hoa trgn, ngUng ket va gdp phan<br /> thie't va tUdng doi rgng Idn vdi ca khu vUc tao nen sic thai dac thii ciia van hoa Nhat<br /> Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A. Trong khi van Ban cd' dai (7). Theo nha khao cd' hoc ngUdi<br /> hoa Ha Long sdm cd lien he sau sic, manh My Wilhemlm G.Solheim thi til khoang<br /> me vdi trung tam van hoa Hoa Nam thi mgt 10.000 nam trUdc Cong nguyen, ngUdi Ddng<br /> so' dac trUng ciia nen van hoa nay nhu loai Nam A dii diing thuyen viidt bie'n de'n Dai<br /> cong cu da lUdi xoe ciing da dUdc tim tha'y c( Loan va Nhat Ban, mang de'n Nhat Ban<br /> Philippines, Thai Lan... Ben canh dd, nhiing nghe trong tare (khoai) va cac gio'ng cay<br /> hat chuoi nho, det hinh dia che tac tit v6 trong khac (8). Dieu dang chii y la, ngay tit<br /> nhuyin the ciing dUdc phat hien nhieu d thdi bay gid, hien tUdng trao dd'i, giao<br /> Philippines. "Tat ca nhiing phat hien dd chu thudng tren khoang each Idn (long-distance<br /> nhan van hoa Ha Long khong chi cd moi trade) giiia cac qud'c gia Dong A da xuat<br /> quan he van hoa trong pham vi Viet Nam, hien. Nhiing giao luu ngi vung, ngoai vi da<br /> Nam Trung Quoc gan ke, ma hg cdn cd dang dd da dem lai sU phong phii, site sd'ng<br /> nhiing moi .quan he vUdt dai dUdng tdi ca cho cU dan Viet cd' de roi til dd hinh thanh<br /> nhiing vung dao xa xdi d Ddng Nam A" (4). nen "dudng vien van hda bien" mang dam<br /> ye'u to' Nam Dao va la mgt trong nhiing coi<br /> De'n thdi van hoa Ddng Sdn va cac giai<br /> nguon ciia van hoa Viet (9). Ndi each khac,<br /> doan lich sit tie'p theo, tie'p nhan truyen<br /> tit trong nguon coi, van hoa Viet da sdm the<br /> thd'ng eiia mgt nen Vdn hoa bien nang dgng,<br /> hien nhiing dac tinh va ban sic cua cU dan<br /> d i thich nghi va bie'n ddi, mgt bg phan cU<br /> ban dao. Tie'p nhan, hoi nhap va hdp luyen<br /> dan Viet cd' v&n tie'p tuc duy tri va phat trien<br /> dong thdi ca nhQng yeu to' luc dia va dai<br /> moi quan he mat thie't vdi vimg Dong Nam<br /> dudng. Nhan xet ve dac tinh van hoa dd, OS.<br /> Trung Qud'c nhUng m5 rgng d i n quan he vdi<br /> Tran Qud'c Vudng titng cho rang "Ve dia -<br /> Hai Nam, Dai Loan, quan dao Ryukyu (Luu<br /> van hda, ban sac van hda Viet la ban sac<br /> Cau), nay la tinh Okinawa va viing Kyushu<br /> ban dao" (10). Theo dd, "Tinh bien hay tinh<br /> (Nhat Ban), Trieu Tien cimg cac nen van<br /> Md Lai, ndi rgng ra la tinh dan chai, hoa vdi<br /> hoa bie'n khac cl Ddng A (5). Su phan bd'<br /> tinh Thung lung, hay la tinh Tay - Thai, ndi<br /> trd'ng dong va cac cong cu dong thau tren<br /> rgng ra la tinh dan lam ruqng lua nitdc,<br /> mgt pham vi rgng Idn ci Ddng Nam A cho<br /> ngay tQ rat sdm (tit buo'i binh minh ciia lich<br /> tha'y sU lan toa va site so'ng manh me ciia<br /> sii) da ngam dam vao nen van hda sd sii<br /> nen van hoa nay.<br /> Dong Sdn va trcl thanh mgt nhan to' hQu cd<br /> Khong chi truyen ba den cac qud'c gia cua cd ca'u van hda Viet cd'" (11). Co the<br /> Dong Nam A ban dao (ma nhieu nha nghien khdng dinh rang, moi trUdng kinh te, van<br /> ciiu thiidng ggi va quan niem la Dong Nam hod bien khong chi la nhiing nhdn td hc/p<br /> A luc dia), trong Ddng Sdn va cac trd'ng, cdng thanh md con gap phdn nudi diidng cdc nen<br /> cu loai hinh Dong Sdn cdn vUdt bien de'n cac vdn hod co vd Id dong lite phdt trien ciia vdn<br /> qud'c gia hai dao. Mat khac, theo quan diem minh Dai Viet.<br /> ciia mgt so' nha nghien ciiu, tit Nam Trung<br /> Tinh he thd'ng va qiry m6..<br /> <br /> La cila ngd thdng ra bien cua mien Tay - trao doi hang hoa, budn ban. Trong khoang<br /> Nam va Ddng - Nam Trung Qud'c, Vinh Bae thdi gian dd, nhieu nha tu hanh va tin do<br /> Bg ma tam diem la thUdng cang Van Don Phat giao, Ba La Mon giao... cung da de'n<br /> cua Dai Viet dUdc coi la tuyen giao thUdng day tu luyen, truyen ba giao phap (13). Giao<br /> chinh ye'u, la dia ban chuyen ndi giiia gifla Chau titng la ndi phat trien phon thinh, la<br /> luc dia vdi dai dUdng. Ve vi the'. Van Don diem den cua cae ddng thien di, diem ditng<br /> khong chi n i m h trung diem ciia cac moi chan cua nhieu sQ doan, thudng nhan, nha<br /> giao lUu Dong - Tay tiic giQa Dong Nam a truyen giao de'n Dong Nam A, Trung Quoc.<br /> ban dao vdi Dong Nam A hai dao ma cdn la Cho de'n khoang the ky X, tQ trong qua trinh<br /> ndi ket tu cua cac moi quan he Bae - Nam hinh thanh va vUdn day cua nhieu quo'c gia<br /> mang y nghia cua mgt trung diem thu phat cl Ddng Nam A ban dao cung nhu Dong Nam<br /> van hoa giQa hai khu vUc Ddng Bic A va A hai dao, cac qud'c gia nay deu cd khuynh<br /> Dong Nam A va xa hdn nQa la khu vUc Nam hudng mud'n thiet lap va md rgng quan he<br /> A va Tay A. Ndi each khac, nhd ed bien Ddng vdi Trung Qud'c, An Do. Nhung ca An Do va<br /> Nam A ma 'The gidi Trung Hoa" (Chinese Trung Hoa deu la nhQng the gidi rgng Idn<br /> World) mdi cd the giao tie'p thudng xuyen, nen nhin chung cac qud'c gia khu vUc chi cd<br /> mat thiet vdi 'The gidi An Do" (Indian the tiep can vdi mgt bo phan cua cac de che<br /> World). Chinh mgt phan ciing nhd sU giao dong thdi cac nen van minh dd ma thoi.<br /> tie'p thong qua moi trUdng bien dd ma hai Trong y nghia dd, viing Quang Chau, Phiic<br /> nen van minh Idn mdi cd the ti'ch hdp, lan Kien (Trung Quo'c) va bien Dong Bae cua<br /> toa va the hien tam vdc cua minh. Den thdi Giao Chau trd thanh diem de'n cua nhieu<br /> can hien dai, cung nhd cd vi tri va he thoiig thudng thuyen, sit doan cac nUdc (14). Do<br /> cang bien Ddng Nam A ma cac tau budn vay, day cung la ndi hgi giao cua hai nen<br /> phudng Tay mdi cd the de'n dUdc vdi khu vUc van minh Idn trong The gidi phiidng Bong la<br /> Ddng Bae A va md rdng he thd'ng giao Trung Hoa va An Do.<br /> thudng de'n nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi. Vao the ky HI TCN, sau khi chinh phuc<br /> Dieu can nha'n manh la, ding sau cac tie'p nUdc Nam Viet, nha Tan (221-206 tr.Cn) roi<br /> giao kinh te dd la ciic ddng chay van hda, gia nha Han (206 tr.Cn-220) day manh chinh<br /> tri van minh. La mgt khu vUe phat trien sach khai thac, bde lot cU dan phUdng Nam.<br /> nang dgng cua Bien Dong, vinh Bic Bg la Viec budn ban vdi khu viie Nam Hai (Quang<br /> mdi trUdng song dong thdi la khdng gian Dong) da dem lai nhQng nguon Idi to Idn cho<br /> giao tie'p giQa cac nen van hda trong va gidi quan chile va thudng nhan Trung Qud'c.<br /> ngoai khu vUc. Do vay, neu nhu coi Bien Bo sit cd' Trung Quo'c Tien Hdn thii cho rang<br /> Ddng la mgt "Dia Trung Hai thu nhd" (Mini do mien nay "gan be, cd nhieu sUng te giac,<br /> Mediterranean) cua chau A thi chinh Vinh nga voi, doi moi, chau ngoc, bae, dong, hoa<br /> Bae Bd, ma cdt ldi la thUdng cang Van Don, qua, vai, ngUdi Trung Qud'c de'n buon ban<br /> da dam dUdng sii menh chuyen giao, ket noi phan nhieu dUdc giiiu cd" (15). De'n thdi<br /> dong thdi gdp phan sang tao cac gia tri van Dong Han (25-220), moi quan he kinh te'vdi<br /> hoa khu vUc (12). vimg Nam Hai ma chu ye'u la Quang Chau<br /> Do gan ke vdi trung tam kinh te', van hoa va Giao Chi da kha phat trien. Thuong<br /> mien Nam Trung Hoa, tit nhQng the ky dau nhan, ca ngUdi Han lan ngUdi Viet thudng<br /> sau Cdng nguyen, thUdng thuyen cua nhieu chd Itia gao tQ Giao Chi dem ban cho cac<br /> quan Cuu Chan, Hdp Pho'... Hg cung thUdng<br /> qud'c gia chau A da de'n viing Giao Chau de<br /> 6 Hghien ctjru Lich sit. s6 S.200S<br /> <br /> <br /> qua lai Hdp Phd' de budn chau bau. Den thdi Vdi tu each la thUdng cang chinh ye'u<br /> Dudng (618-907) vung bie'n Giao Chau da cua quoc gia Dai Viet va la mgt trong<br /> trd nen mgt ndi cd quan he giao thUdng phon nhQng thUdng cang quan trgng cila khu<br /> thinh. Tham chi, trong nhan quan cua gidi vUc Ddng A, Van Don da duy tri hoat dgng<br /> chiic Quang Ddng, hoat dgng kinh te cua lien tuc trong sud't 7 the' ky. Vdn Bon Id<br /> viing bien Giao Chau da khien cho vai trd mot thitdng cdng Idn, co vai tro kinh te,<br /> thudng mai truyen thd'ng cua Quang Chau chinh tri quan trong dong thdi co qud trinh<br /> bi suy giam nghiem trong (16). phdt trien lien tuc, lau ddi nhat trong lich<br /> sit cdc thUcfng cdng nUdc ta. ThUdng cang<br /> Budc vao ky nguyen dgc lap, vdi tU each<br /> nay, cd sii ket ndi chat che vdi cac ben cang<br /> la quoc gia dang len cl Ddng Nam A, vUdng<br /> dao ven bd, cac cang vung cila song, vdi<br /> trieu Ly (1009-1225) da cd y thQc manh me<br /> vung bien viSn Van Ninh, Mong Cai, vdi<br /> ve vi the cua viing bien Ddng Bic trong cac dao Idn Cat Ba va cac lang nghe det, gom<br /> moi quan he khu viic. Nhan thQc ro tiem sQ cung nhieu nganh, nghe thu cong khac<br /> nang va nhQng dieu kien phat trie'n thuan vung chau thd' Sdng Hong va ca mien Dong<br /> ldi ciia vQng bien dao dia dau cua To' quoc, Bic, Tay Bae cua To' qud'c.<br /> tiep nhan va ke thQa nhQng mdi quan he<br /> Trai qua thdi gian, ciing vdi sU trilclng<br /> truyen thd'ng dong thdi de khang dinh chu<br /> thanh cua cac nganh kinh te, xa hgi va van<br /> quyen va bao ve an ninh kinh te' ddi ngoai,<br /> hoa, sau nhQng t h a n g t r a m va thach thQc<br /> nam 1149, vua Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 1138-<br /> lich sQ, tinh t h a n dan tgc va y thQc bao v$<br /> 1175) da cho khai mt) trang Van Don. Sau<br /> chil quyen lanh tho', lanh hai cila dan too ta<br /> khi dUdc t h a n h lap, Vdn Don dd trd thank ciing ngay mgt trcl nen m a n h me, sau sac<br /> thudng cdng quoc te quan trgng nhat cua hdn. Vinh B i c Bg trd t h a n h dia ban cd vi<br /> quo'c gia Dai Viet. De'n thdi T r i n (1225- tri chie'n \\itic khong chi doi vdi vung Ddng<br /> 1400), ehinh quyen Thang Long cang cd y Bae ma cdn doi vdi viec bao dam an ninh va<br /> thflc manh me ve vung bien Ddng Bic chie'n iQdc p h a t trien kinh te cila da't nUdc.<br /> trong chie'n ludc bao ve an ninh va ldi ich Trong lich sil, vung Dong B i c (ma trgng<br /> kinh te. Vdi viec doi trang thanh tra'n. Van tam la hai tinh Quang Ninh, Hai Phong)<br /> Don da tr5 t h a n h mgt dac khu kinh te' vdi ludn la dau mdi p h a t trien kinh te doi<br /> mgt he thong cdc ben cdng, khu dinh cU, ngoai dong thdi la ndi ddn nhan, chiu tac<br /> thu phu. hdnh chinh, diem kiem soat tau dgng thudng xuyen va m a n h me nha't ciia<br /> thuyen, hdng hod, thu thue'vd cdn cd phong cac khuynh hudng va trao lUu van hda, cila<br /> ve. Vao thdi Tran, tren nhieu dao d Van cac cudc xam n h a p , xung dot, thach thQc<br /> Don da cd cac khu dinh cU tUdng doi trQ quan sU, chinh tri cila cac the lUc ben<br /> mat. Vi nhu cau phat trien va cudc so'ng, 5 ngoai.<br /> Van Don cQng da xua't hien rihieu di ti'ch<br /> 2. V a n D o n va c a c k h o n g g i a n h a n h<br /> lich sQ, kien true tdn giao va cac khu khai<br /> chinh, kinh te<br /> thac, che bie'n hai san... Tren thUc te. Van<br /> La mgt bg p h a n hdp t h a n h ciia lanh tho<br /> Don da trcl t h a n h mgt thUc the phat trie'n<br /> Dai Viet va mac du cd mdi quan he vdi cac<br /> tUdng ddi hoan chinh, danh dUdc sU quan<br /> qud'c gia khu vQc tQ ra't sdm nhUng phai<br /> tam dae .biet ciia cac trieu dai tQ Ly de'n<br /> den thdi Ly (1010-1225), cu the la nam<br /> Tran, Le (1428-1788).<br /> 1149, thdi Ly Anh Tdng (cq: 1138-1175)<br />  Tinh he thOng va qirymO...<br /> <br /> nha vua mdi chinh thQc khai m3 trang ( j ^ t ) (O'H ) va de'n thdi Nguyin thi Van Don lai trS<br /> Van Don de ddn thuyen budn cac nUdc Trao ve vdi mgt ddn vi hanh chi'nh ca'p huyen cua<br /> Da, Lg Lac, Xiem La... de'n giao thUdng mgt qud'c gia tho'ng nha't.<br /> dong thdi "de mua ban hang hda quy, dang<br /> tie'n san vat dia phUdng" (18). Ten ggi Van Ve sii bien ddi cua cac ddn vi hanh<br /> Don b i t dau xua't hien trong lich sil Vi$t chinh, trong phan Dii dia chi cua Lich trieu<br /> Nam tQ da'y. Nhu vay, ngay tQ khi thanh hie'n chUcMg loai chi, nha dia ly hge - lich<br /> lap, Van Don da la mgt khu vQc hanh sQ Phan Huy Chii ghi ro: "Nam Quang<br /> chinh cd pham vi tUdng ddi rgng Idn. Diem Thuan thQ 7 (1466) Le Thanh Tdng dat ra<br /> khac bi$t vdi cac ddn vi hanh chinh khac la, 12 dao thQa tuyen la: Thanh Hoa, Ngh?<br /> trang Van Don dQdc lap ra tren vung bien An, Thuan Hoa, Thien TrUdng, Nam Sach,<br /> dao, cQ dan chu ye'u khdng lam ndng ma Quoc Cai, Bic Giang, An Bang, Hung Hoa,<br /> tap trung vao viec khai thac hai san va tie'n Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn va<br /> hanh cac hoat dgng thUdng nghiep. Nguon phu Trung Dd. Ddi Id lam phu, ddi tra'n lam<br /> ldi va cac hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te chau. Roi sai cac chQc thQa tuyen x6t nui<br /> khdng chi da gdp phan khuye'n khich sii sdng trong cho minh eai quan, lam thanh<br /> tang trudng kinh te trong nUdc ma edn md dia do" (19). Nhu vay, den thdi Le sd, trong<br /> rgng tam kien van va tU duy chinh tri khu chu trQdng chung ve chuyen ddi ddn vi<br /> vUc cila Dai Viet. hanh ehinh, "tra'n Van Don" thdi Tran da<br /> dUdc ddi t h a n h "chau" thuoc thQa tuyen An<br /> Den nam 1349, tQc 62 nam sau khi cudc Bang. Chau Van Don da dudo mcl rgng ve<br /> khang chien lan thQ ba chohg Mong - quy mo va dia gidi bao gom 10 trang, 1<br /> Nguyen cha'm dQt, vua Tran Du Tdng (cq: phUdng (20).<br /> 1341-1369) da quye't dinh nang tSra hanh<br /> chinh cita Van Don tQ "trang" len thanh Dua theo sach Thien Nam dii ha trong<br /> "tra'n" ( ^ ^ ) . Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la, vUdng Dai Viet dia dU todn bien, Nguyin Van Sieu<br /> trieu nay ngay cang nhan thQc ro hdn ve vi tri cung viet rang: ThQa tuyen An Bang cd mgt<br /> dia dau, chie'n lUdc cua vimg bien dao Ddng phu la Hai Ddng, cd 3 huyen la Hoanh Bo,<br /> Bae To quoc. Song song vdi quye't dinh dd, Yen Hong, Chi Phong, cd 4 chau la Tan An,<br /> chinh quyen Thing Long ciing da thuc thi mgt Van Ninh, Van Don, \'inh An. Cung theo<br /> chit trUdng doi ngoai tUdng ddi rgng md vdi nha sit hge hg Nguyin thi vao thdi Le, ehau<br /> cac qudc gia khu viic. Trong y nghia dd, cimg Van Don thudc thQa tuyen An Bang. Van<br /> vdi trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam Don gom cd 37 dgng. Trong Dai Viet dia dii<br /> thdng qua vai trd cua cac cang viing Thanh, todn bien, tac gia cung da d i n sach Thien hg,<br /> Nghe - Tinh, sdm thiet lap mdi quan he vdi quan qudc ldi benh thU p h i n An Nam cUOng<br /> cac qudc gia Ai Lao, Chan Lap, Champa; Van viic bi luc va cho biet rang vao nam Vinh<br /> Don da trd thanh trung tam kinh te doi ngoai Lac thQ 5 (1407) nha Minh, Van Don la mgt<br /> phia Bae, giQ vai trd quan trgng nha't cua trong 8 huyen cua chau Tinh An. Den nSm<br /> quoc gia Dai Viet. De'n thdi thuoc Minh 1409 nha Minh da dat 12 T u i n kiem ty cl cac<br /> (1407-1427), chinh quyen cai tri da ddi Van ndi va mot trong so" dd la Ty t u i n kiem Van<br /> Don tQ "trail" thanh "huyen" ( | ^ ^ ) . Den the Don thudc huyen Van Don (22). Ve dia diem<br /> ky XV, sau khi khoi phuc dudc qud'c thd'ng, mil Van Don sach nay viet: "Nui Van Don cl<br /> VUdng trieu Le (1428-1527) da cho doi vung phia ddng b i c phu Giao Chau, huy$n Van<br /> cang dao Ddng Bae tQ "huyen" thanh "chau" Don d trong bien Idn. Hai nui ddi nhau, mgt<br />  Rghian cuu Lich sir, sg 9.2009<br /> <br /> ddng nudc chay qua d giQa, thuyen budn cac Nhu vay, ve pham vi va dia gidi hanh<br /> nudc phien qud'c p h i n nhieu hgp d da'y" (23). chi'nh Van Don cd nhieu sQ thay ddi qua cac<br /> Ra't cd the, md ta tren day la nham de chi thdi ky lich sil. Van Don, vdi tu each la mgt<br /> dia diem cac dao Van Sdn - Cai Ban ndi cd ddn vi hanh chinh, da cd nhQng bie'n ddi<br /> sdng Cd'ng Don, sdng Mang (hay Con Mang) theo thdi gian. Do vay, khi nghien cQu ve<br /> chay d giQa hai dao ma de'n nay van la luong Van Don can cd cai nhin lich sit ve pham vi<br /> nUdc Idn. Dieu chae c h i n la, sdng Mang phai khdng gian cua khu viic nay. Hdn the nQa,<br /> la hudng di chinh tQ Bie'n Ddng tie'n vao ve dia danh Van Don, cung c i n phan biet ro<br /> vung dao va thudng cang. De'n nay, tuy da hi nhQng khai niem nhQ: "Cita bien Van Don",<br /> cat bdi nhung dien mao ciia ddng sdng v i n "Nui Van", "Don Van", "Trang Van Don",<br /> cdn ra't ro. Dieu quan trgng la, vet tich cua "Trdn Vdn Don", "Chdu Vdn Don", "Huyen<br /> )chu cang cd' v i n cdn dQdc minh chQng bdi Vdn Don" va "Cdng Vdh Don". Tuy cd nhiing<br /> mgt dai bd bien va nhieu vung bien day dac diem chung nhUng giQa cac dia danh va<br /> nhQng manh sanh, gd'm sQ Viet Nam, Trung trong y nghia cua moi each ggi cd nhieu ham<br /> Qud'c qua cac thdi dai. Chie'n cdng oanh liet y khac nhau ve pham vi dia gidi, chQc nang<br /> trong viec chan bUdc tie'n cua quan Nguyen va tam quan trgng. TQ viec phan tich cac<br /> xam ludc cung cudc sd'ng, hoat'ddng hung nguon sQ lieu ket hdp vdi khao sat thiic te ed<br /> thinh mgt thdi cua khu thudng cang v i n the cho rang cac dia danh nhQ "Ciia bien<br /> dUdc khac hoa sau sic trong ky Qc truyen Van Don", "Cda Ngi" deu ra't g i n vdi CQa<br /> ndi cua bao Idp cU dan dia phudng. Ddi edn "Nui Vdn" hay "Vdn Scfn" hay "Cu<br /> lao Ldn Loi" chae chan la hdn dao n i m giQa<br /> Den thdi Nguyen (1802-1945) Van Don<br /> hai dao Cai Ban va Van Hai, dQdc bao bgc<br /> thudc huyen Hoa Phong, phu Hai Ddng.<br /> bdi sdng Con Mang hien nay. "Don Vdn"<br /> Nam Minh Menh thQ 17 (1836) trieu dinh<br /> nhieu kha nang ddng tren dao Con Quy va<br /> Hue' lai cat chau Van Don ddi lam to'ng Van Cua Ndi cung d dd. Do tinh dac thu ciia mgt<br /> Hai nhap vao huyen Hoa Phong. Nam Thieu ddn vi hanh chinh dUdc thie't lap tren dao,<br /> Tri thQ nha't (1841) ddi ggi la huyen Nghieu pham vi cda cac ddn vi h a n h chinh qua tQng<br /> Phong va Van Don v i n thuoc huyen ay. thdi gian ra't khd xac dinh mgt each cu the.<br /> Huyen Nghieu Phong sau lai ddi la Cat Hai Ben canh dd, viec lam ro trung tam eua cac<br /> tQc Cat Ba. Trong phan viet ve huyen ddn vi hanh chinh tQc tri sd cua Van Don<br /> Nghieu Phong, sach Dong Khanh dU dia chi qua eac thdi ky lich sit eung khdng he la<br /> ghi kha eu the: "Dao Van Don d giQa bien, cdng viec d i dang. Mac du cd sQ chuyen<br /> ngoai cila bien Van Don". Cu the hdn: "CQa dich, bien ddi qua thdi gian nhUng vung<br /> bien Van Don d hai phan xa Quan Lan phia trung tam, h a t nhan co't loi, mau thit va hon<br /> ngoai cd dao Mai nen cd ten ggi la cita Mai thieng cua khu thQdng cang Van Don, gin<br /> (Mai hai khau). Phia ben phai cd dao Ngge vdi chil quyen ba't kha xam pham cua qudc<br /> Viing, ben trai cd dag Canh Cudc, trong gia Dai Viet v i n la vung bien dao. Trong dd,<br /> vung bien cd dao PhUdng Hoang dung sQng khu Cong Ddng - Cd'ng Tay va Cai Lang -<br /> trong nudc, phia ddng dao la cQa bien Van Quan Lan cd y nghla dac biet quan trong.<br /> Don, phia tay bien la cQa bien Trao Lai.<br /> Ke thQa quan die'm va nhQng chi bao cua<br /> Thuy trieu len sau 1 trUdng 8 thudc; thuy<br /> cac sQ gia, nha dia ly hge lich su trieu dai<br /> trieu xudng sau 1 trQdng, rgng 140 trQdng"<br /> trudc dac biet la trieu Nguyin, mgt so' nha<br /> (24).<br /> sit hge hien dai da cd nhieu cd' gang de di<br /> Tinh ha thgng va qiry mg..<br /> <br /> de'n xac dinh khdng gian va pham vi eu the Ldi va Minh Chau, Quan Lan... tQ nam 2002<br /> ciia Van Don. TQ nam 1936, chuyen gia trong bao cao ket qua khao sat, khai quat<br /> Ddng Nam A hge hang dau ciia Nhat Ban khao CO hge va trong cac budi trao ddi, lam<br /> GS. Yamamoto Tasturo cho rang: "Diia theo viec vdi lanh dao, cac nha nghien cQu, quan ly<br /> cho nhQng ghi chep cua An Nam ggi Van van hoa tinh Quang Ninh chiing tdi da chil<br /> Don la td'ng Van Hai thi nhan dinh cho rang trUdng rang: Trong vdng 7 the ky, thiidng<br /> trung tam cua huyen Van Don, chau Van cdng Vdn Don dd hinh thanh vd phdt trien<br /> Don cd le d tren dao Van Hai" (25). Theo GS. vdi tii cdch la mgt he thd'ng cdc ben cdng chit<br /> sQ hge Tran Qud'c Vudng thi "td'ng Van Hai d khong phdi la mgt cdng hay khu vitc cdng<br /> tren mdt hdn dao trong vinh Ha Long, dao ddn biet. NhQ vay, ngay tQ khi thanh lap,<br /> a'y ggi la dao Van Hai hay thudng ggi la Cu nhieu kha nang thQdng cang Van Don da la<br /> lao Ldn Ldi, d sat phia ngoai Cu lao Cai Ban. mgt khdng gian tQdng ddi rdng md. Quan he<br /> Thdi Duy Tan la'y dao Van Hai cung vdi cac giao thQdng, trao ddi vdi cae qud'c gia khu vQc<br /> dao xung quanh lap nen huyen Van Hai" da dong thdi dien ra d nhieu dia diem khac<br /> (26). Cung chung quan diem dd, trong p h i n nhau.<br /> ehu giai tac p h i m Dii dia chi cua Nguyin Thiic te lich sQ cung cho tha'y, qua tQng<br /> Trai, GS. Ha Van T i n cung xac dinh: 'Van<br /> thdi ky lich sQ, dac biet la tren phUdng dien<br /> Don la mgt hdn dao trong vinh Ha Long, d<br /> kinh te, hanh chinh d thudng cang Van<br /> phia ddng dao Cai Ban, ggi la dao Van Hai<br /> Don da ndi len vi tri trung tam cua mdt<br /> hay Cu lao Ldn Ldi" (27). Tudng tii nhu vay,<br /> khu vUc cang ben nha't dinh. Vi tri trung<br /> trong cuori Huyen dao Vdn Don, tac gia Do<br /> tam nay cd sQ chuyen dich qua thdi gian.<br /> Van Ninh, ngUdi da nhieu nam gan bo vdi<br /> Dua tren nhieu cQ lieu ed the k h i n g dinh<br /> Van Don cho rang: "NhQng ben thuyen co,<br /> rang, khu vQc Cd'ng Ddng - Co'ng Tay la<br /> nhQng di vat cd va vd sd' nhQng di tich kien<br /> trung tam quan trgng nha't cua Van Don<br /> true da cho phep khang dinh thUdng cang<br /> thdi ky Ly - Tran. Thdi thuge Minh, nhieu<br /> Van Don vdi mgt he thd'ng ben thuyen ma<br /> kha nang trung tam hanh chinh Van Don<br /> trung tam la ben Cai Lang va ben Sdn Hao<br /> v i n ddng d day. Su xua't hien cua dia danh<br /> ngay nay van edn chQa hang nghin, hang<br /> "Vtxng huyen" d dao Cd'ng Ddng khien cho<br /> van hien vat phe thai nem di tQ nhQng Ian<br /> khuan vac len ben xudng thuyen sudi nhQng chung ta cd the dUa ra gia thuyet dd. De'n<br /> the ky Ly - Tran - Le" (28). NhQ vay, tac gia thdi Le sd, cd the b i t d i u tQ thdi Le Thanh<br /> la ngUdi d i u tien dQa ra quan niem "he Tong (cq: 1460-1497), trong xu the y thQc<br /> tho'ng" ve thQdng cang Van Don. NhQng he ve vi the dat nudc, chu quyen lanh tho va<br /> thd'ng dd, trong cam nhgin cua nha nghien bien dao ngay cang manh me, ehinh quyen<br /> cQu, chi bao gom cac cang va vung bien Thang Long da hudng manh sQ quan tam<br /> thuge xa Quan Lan va mdt so' ben thuge xa va quan che de'n vung Ddng Bae. Do vay,<br /> Minh Chau hien nay. Mac du, cud'n sach neu trung tam cua thUdng cang bat dau dich<br /> tren cung da viet ve nhieu dia danh, vet tich chuyen ve phia Ddng, tie'n xa hdn ra Bien<br /> ben cang hinh thanh tQ cac t h e k y trUdc. Ddng, tQc hudng ra phia eac xa Quan Lan,<br /> Tren cd sd cac ddt khao sat dQdc thQc Minh Chau. Dd chinh la can nguyen d i n<br /> hien lien tuc trong cac nam 1990 va dac biet de'n sQ phat trien trdi vUdt cua cac ben ldn<br /> la dQa vao ket qua tham sat, khai quat nhQ Cai Lang, Sdn Hao, Con Quy... vao cac<br /> trong eac nam 2002 - 2003 tai cac xa Thing t h e k y XVI-XVIII.<br /> 10 Rghien cmi Lich sit, sg 9.2009<br /> <br /> Tren cd sd khao cQu cac nguon sQ lieu 3. Tinh he thd'ng va quy m o cua Van Don<br /> ket hdp vdi nghien cQu dia danh, nhQng Theo quan diem cua chung tdi, tQ thdi Ly<br /> hien vat xua't Id tren mat da't, vet tich cua - Tran, vung cang bien Van Don da hinh<br /> nhieu cdng trinh kien true tdn giao va ket thanh ba tieu vung. Tieu vdng thd nhat<br /> qua ciia cac cudc dieu tra, khai quat khao tap trung d dao Cd'ng Dong va Cd'ng Tay nay<br /> cd hoc, cd the cho rang tQ thdi Ly - Tran thuoc dia phan xa T h i n g Ldi. Nhieu kha<br /> thudng cang Van Don da dQdc hinh t h a n h nang, day chinh la ndi dat tri sd cua "trang<br /> tren mgt vung tQdng ddi rgng ldn (29). Theo Van Ddn" thdi Ly, "tra'n Van Don" thdi T r i n<br /> do, de'n thdi Mac (1527-1593) va dac biet la va "huyen Van Ddn" thdi thuoc Minh (30).<br /> thdi Le Trung Hung (1583-1788), chiu tac S Q xua't hien cac cdng trinh kien true Phat<br /> dgng va hgi nhap vdi sQ phat trien chung giao vdi cac chua: Chua La'm, chua Cat,<br /> cua he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A, thQdng chua Trong... cho ph^p chiing ta k h i n g dinh<br /> cang da khdng ngQng dQdc md rgng ve quy ve sQ hinh t h a n h mgt trung tam van hoa,<br /> md vdi mgt he thd'ng cac ben, bai de" hinh hanh chinh cua cQ dan hai dao tha'm dQdm<br /> thanh nen cac cum cang, ben ma theo quan sac thai tam linh Phat giao. Sii hien dien<br /> diem Khu vQc hge (Area studies) cd the ggi cua cac ngdi chua d vung bien dao khdng chi<br /> dd la cac vung (region) va tieu vung (sub- cho tha'y anh hudng rgng ldn ciia Phat giao,<br /> region). Hien nhien, giQa cac vung va tieu tam nhin hudng bien cua vQdng trieu T r i n<br /> vung ludn cd sii lien ket chat che vdi tU ma dQdng nhQ vQdng trieu nay cdn thau<br /> each la nhQng bg phan hdp thanh cua mgt hieu nhu ciu, tinh cam tdn giao cua cac<br /> he thd'ng chung nhat. Trong he thd'ng dd, thQdng nhan trong nQdc, quoc te nhQng<br /> theo quan niem cua chung toi, Vdn Don ngudi thQdng xuyen de'n day sinh sdng, trao<br /> khong chi co cdc cdng bien md cdn co sii dii ddi hang hda. Cugc sd'ng, thuyen budn va<br /> nhgp cua cdc cdng song, khong chi cd cdc ngudn hang hoa gia tri cua hg ludn phai ddi<br /> thiidng nhdn, thuyen budn trong nitdc md chgi vdi nhQng thach thQc cua bien khdi va<br /> con CO thUdng nhdn, thUdng thuyen quo'c te', biet bao trd ngai, hiem nguy khac. Tam the<br /> dd khien hg ludn phai cau mong sQ che trd<br /> khong chi co quan he ngi vdng md con cd<br /> ciia cac da'ng than linh va dQc Phat. Hdn<br /> quan he ngoai vi, khdng chi thiet lap vd<br /> the, thdi bay gid, P h a t giao khdng chi la<br /> duy tri quan he vdi cdc qudc gia Dong Bde<br /> "qud'c giao" ciia Dai Viet ma cdn la the gidi<br /> A md con phdt trien cdc mdi giao lUu vdi<br /> tam linh cd the tim gap sQ chia se chung vdi<br /> khu viic Dong Nam, Tdy Nam A. Ta't ca cac<br /> CQ dan cac qud'c gia khu viic. Qua vet tich<br /> hoat dgng dd deu dQdc dat trong sQ dieu<br /> vat lieu kien true cdn lai, cd the cho r i n g cac<br /> hanh, quan ly chung ciia chinh quyen cac<br /> ngdi chua nay deu dQdc xay dUng vao nila<br /> ca'p. Dieu cd the tha'y dUdc la, hoat ddng<br /> sau the ky XIV (31). NhQng, trQdc dd cd the<br /> cung nhu nhQng sii bie'n, thUdng vu ldn<br /> cung da cd nhQng cdng trinh kien true tdn<br /> dien ra d Van Don deu tac dgng triic tie'p<br /> giao gian ddn hdn dQdc xay diing d vung<br /> de'n kinh t h a n h Thang Long. De bao ve<br /> thQdng cang. Tiec r i n g , cac ngdi chua ldn<br /> trung tam quan trgng nha't trong cac boat<br /> nhu chua La'm, chiia Cat, chua Trdng... da h\<br /> dgng kinh te' ddi ngoai chinh quyen Thang huy hoai va chi cdn la cac phe ti'ch. Chung c6<br /> Long han cung da cd nhieu no liic de thiet the da hi thieu huy vao thdi thuoc Minh<br /> lap va vQdn t i m kiem soat ra toan bg khu hoac suy tan d i n cung vdi sQ chuyen dich<br /> thQdng cang. cua vung trung tam h a n h chinh cua thQdng<br /> Tinh h6 thgng va guy mO... 11<br /> <br /> cang ra vung Cai Lang khoang cudi the' ky ca'p quan ly, chinh quyen vung bien dao vin<br /> XV d i u t h e k y XVI. ludn tdn trgng truyen thdng van hoa, phong<br /> CQng vdi cac cdng trinh kien tnic tdn tuc cua cac khaeh thQdng. Vao d i u the ky<br /> giao, ve't tich gd'm sQ trong eac ben do XV, trong Du dia chi Nguyen Trai tQng<br /> thuyen cung cho tha'y vai trd kinh te cua nhan xet; "PhQdng phuc nghia la theo tuc hg<br /> Cd'ng Ddng va nhieu vung ben d ca hai phia chQ khdng theo mgt le nhQ nhau" (34). Dd la<br /> cua dao Cd'ng Tay. Ngoai vet tich gd'm sQ sQ the hien tQ duy mem deo, nang ddng va<br /> xua't Id dgc theo cac vung bien phia Tay - nhan quan van hoa cua chinh quyen Thang<br /> Bic tQc tQ thdn 1 de'n thdn 5, tai phia Ddng Long mgt thdi dai.<br /> - Nam cua dao Cd'ng Tay cung cd nhieu<br /> Trong khi dd, Tieu vung thd hai dUdc<br /> vung bien dung chQa ra't nhieu hien vat gd'm<br /> xac dinh gdm cac xa Minh Chau, Quan Lan<br /> sQ. Cd the ndi, vung Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay<br /> hien nay. Vao eac the ky XII-XV, day chinh<br /> la mdt "kho gd'm sQ khdng Id" cd gia tri<br /> Id viing dia dau To qudc, cd vai tro quan<br /> nghien cQu, bao tdn het sQc quy bau khong<br /> chi doi vdi di tich ThQa Cd'ng ma cdn vdi ca trong trong viec bao ve an ninh vd kiem sodt<br /> vung thQdng cang Van Ddn xQa (32). Trong thue quan, bdo ddm cho cdc hogt dgng bang<br /> sd' cac vung bien d phia Dong - Nam cua dao giao vd giao thUdng sdn pham cao cap cua<br /> Cd'ng Tay nhieu kha nang vung "Chudng Tieu viing thd nhat tiic khu vitc trung tdm<br /> Bd", "Khe San" la nhQng ndi cd mat do hign cda thUchig cdng the ky. Song song vdi cac<br /> vat tap trung cao nhat. Do cd dieu kien tit hoat ddng va chQc nang bao dam an ninh dd,<br /> nhien hit site thuan ldi, viing Thiia Cdng tieu vung nay cung ddng thdi thiic hien eac<br /> (cdn ggi la song Thong Ddng) chinh Id trung hoat dgng trao ddi, giao iQu kinh te vdi ben<br /> tdm kinh te, vdn hod, bang giao ldn nhat ciia ngoai. SQ xua't hien cua eac loai hinh gd'm sQ<br /> Vdn Don thdi ky Ly - Trdn. Mac du dien mao Dai Viet thdi T r i n va Td'ng, Nguyen (Trung<br /> cila khu thudng cang cd da hi bie'n ddi nhQng Qud'c) tap trung trong cac vung bien, trai<br /> sQ xuat Id cua cac loai hinh hien vat tren dgc theo cac ben tQ vung CQa Ddi de'n cac<br /> mat da't va ven cac bd vung cd the dQa ra gia ben Con Quy, Sdn Hao, Cai Lang... chQng<br /> thuyet ve kha nang ndi day da xuat hien minh cho quan diem dd. TQ khoang cudi the<br /> nhieu Idp, nhieu loai thUdng nhan va giQa ky XV d i u the ky XVI, thay cho khu vUc<br /> cac thudng nhan da cd sU phan lap nghe Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, tieu vung nay da<br /> nghiep, chuyen mdn hoa tQdng doi cao (33). dan ndi len thanh trung tam ldn va quan<br /> Nhieu kha nang, thuyen budn cac nQdc trgng nhat cua Van Ddn. Vi the dd lien tuc<br /> trong khu vQc da de'n day de trao ddi, budn dUdc duy tri cho de'n khoang dau the ky<br /> ban, dang tie'n san vat dia phQdng ddng thdi XVIII. Do trii mat cao cua cac hien vat sanh,<br /> thiic hien cac hoat ddng bang giao vdi Dai gd'm sQ Chu Dau va loai hinh Chu Dau cung<br /> Viet. Dieu kien budn ban theo chu trinh gid nhieu loai s i n pham ehe tac tai cac trung<br /> mua cung khien chung ta luan suy ve kha tam san xua't gd'm sQ Ddng Bae (Dai Viet),<br /> nang mdt sd' cdng ddng thQdng nhan ngoai gd^m sQ Trung Qud'c tap trung vao cac thdi<br /> kieu da thudng xuyen sinh sd'ng d vung Minh, Thanh chQng td dieu dd. Them vao<br /> thQdng cang. Dieu quan trgng la, trong khi dd, da'u vet cua cac khu dinh cQ ed, gieng<br /> thiet lap che do bao ve an ninh chi'nh tri kha nQdc va cum di tich dinh, chua, mie'u (dQgc<br /> chat che thi chinh quyen trung Qdng va cac di chuyen qua va tao diing d Quan Lan<br /> 12 Rghien cuu Ljch sir, sg 9.2009<br /> <br /> khoang the ky XIX)... cung cho thay da'u a'n Tay B i c cila To qud'c. He tho'ng kiem soat<br /> cila mgt khu viic phat trien, tap trung dan dQdc thie't lap d cac vung cQa sdng, ven bien<br /> cQ ddng due. NhQng tQ cudi the ky XVII dau khdng chi n h i m t a n thu cac mdi ldi tQ hoat<br /> the ky XVIII ve sau, vi nhieu nguyen nhan, dgng giao thQdng ma cdn n h i m bao dam an<br /> cung vdi sQ suy thoai cua khu thQdng cang ninh cho khu vQc thQdng cang Van Ddn va<br /> mgt thiet che xa hdi (Nho giao) b i t d i u lan cac trung t a m chinh tri, kinh te trong ngi<br /> chi phoi manh de'n vung bien dao. dia (35). Trong y nghia do, sQ hinh thanh<br /> cum ben, cang ven bd bao gdm cac tieu<br /> Ngoai hai tieu vung tren, vao thdi Ly -<br /> vung: Yen Hung (36), CQa Luc - Bay Chay<br /> Tran cung da hinh thanh Tieu viing thd ba<br /> (37), CQa Ong (38), Cai Bau (39) keo dai<br /> la nhdm dao phia Ddng - Nam cua thQdng<br /> de'n vung dia d i u Tien Yen - Van Ninh d<br /> cang thudc xa Ngge VQng. Trong lich sQ,<br /> phia Bae vdi sQ t h a m gia, hd trd cua Cat Ba<br /> hoat dgng giao thQdng cd the da diin ra<br /> d phia Nam (40), va vung dao Cd Td giau<br /> ehu yeu d cac vung bien thudc dao Cd'ng<br /> tai nguyen tii nhien (dac biet la ngge trai),<br /> Yen, Cd'ng Hep. Theo nhQng ket qua khao<br /> cd vi tri dac thu d phia Ddng Bae. Ket qua<br /> sat ban dau, hien vat gd'm sQ, sanh d khu<br /> khao sat thiic dia cho tha'y d Cat Ba, Yen<br /> vQc nay cung cho tha'y nhQng dac tinh<br /> Hung, Van Ninh... van tha'y xua't Id nhieu<br /> gio'ng nhQ vung Cai Lang va Co'ng Ddng -<br /> ben bai rgng ldn vdi do tru mat cao cua<br /> Cd'ng Tay nhQng hien vat cd nien dai the<br /> nhieu loai gd'm, sanh Viet Nam, Trung<br /> ky XVI-XVIII cd do tru mat cao hdn. Theo<br /> Qud'c. S Q tQdng hdp ve kieu dang va nien<br /> chung tdi, vting dao Ngoc Viing khdng chi<br /> dai cua cac loai hinh hien vat d vung nay<br /> la mot khu vitc buon bdn, giao thUdng qudc<br /> cung nhQ sQ hien dien cila cac cang dao cho<br /> te md cdn la khu viic bdo ddm an ninh phia<br /> tha'y mdi lien he mat thiet giQa cac ben cvta<br /> Nam cho khu thUdng cdng.<br /> song vdi cac hoat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai d<br /> NhQ vay, ba tieu vung dd da hdp t h a n h Van Ddn. Day chinh la Khu viic thii hai<br /> mdt he thd'ng. Cd the ggi dd la Khu viic hinh t h a n h tai cac vung cQa sdng va dao<br /> thii nhat. Khu vQc nay gdm cac tieu vung: ven bd thuge thQdng cang Van Ddn. Khu<br /> Cd'ng Ddng - Cd'ng Tay, khu vQc Cai Lang vUc ndy cd y nghla het sde quan trong trong<br /> va vung dao Ngge VQng. Day chinh la khu viec cung cdp, ludn chuyen hdng hda tii cdc<br /> trung tdm, co vai tro quan trgng nhat trong trung tdm kinh te ddi ngi ra khu viic cdng<br /> cdc hoat dgng chinh tri, kinh te, xd hgi sudt dd'i ngoai; bdo ddm an ninh cho cdc cdng<br /> 7 the ky hinh thanh, phdt trien cda khu bien, trung tdm chinh tri, kinh te trong ngi<br /> thuang cdng. dia dong thdi don nhgn vd tieu thu, dieu<br /> Trong khoang thdi gian dd, hien nhien phoi hdng hod cda Khu viic thd nhat.<br /> Van Ddn khdng the tdn tai va hoat dgng Dieu c i n chu y la, theo quan die'm va<br /> trong nhQng dieu kien phat trien biet lap. bang each tie'p can he thd'ng, cung vdi<br /> ThQdng cang nay ludn dQdc dat trong sii nhQng mdi lien he mat thie't vdi cac ben va<br /> quan ly, dieu tiet va ngudn cung cap hang cang bie'n, giQa cac tieu vung cua Khu vitc<br /> hoa tQ trong da't lien tQc cac trung tam san thd hai nay ciing cd mdi lien ket vdi nhau<br /> xua't thu cdng vung chau thd sdng Hdng va theo chieu dgc tQc mdi lien he Nam - Bic.<br /> chae c h i n ca nhiing ngudn cung ca'p lam, Mdi lien he nay dat trgng t a m d hai khu<br /> tho', hai san cua cac vung nui Ddng Bae va viic Yen HQng (khdi d i u ) va Van Ninh (ket<br /> Tinh he thdng va quy mg.. 13<br /> <br /> thuc). Theo dd, Sol dd 1: Phac diing he thdng thiidng cang Van Don<br /> gd'm sQ cung nhieu<br /> loai hang hoa khac<br /> dQdc dua len vung ;ViinNinh I<br /> Dong - Bae de<br /> phuc vu muc tieu<br /> xuat khau. Song Ciia Ong;<br /> song vdi qua trinh<br /> dd la sQ luan<br /> chuyen ngudn<br /> f Cii'd Lite<br /> hang nhap tQ<br /> phQdng Bae ve.<br /> NhQ vay, theo chu<br /> trinh nay, vi tri Yen Iluiifi<br /> cua Van Ninh va<br /> Yen Hung lai cd sQ ngoai quo'c trong dd dac biet la thi trUdng<br /> hoan ddi. Trong du ky Nhiing chuyen di vd mien Nam Trung Hoa Qa chuong. DQdc<br /> phdt hien (Voyages and Discoveries) viet thanh lap tQ thdi Ly, Van Ninh la mgt<br /> nam 1688 nha tham hiem ngQdi Anh trung tam melu dieh qud'c te cua Dai Viet<br /> William Dampier da md ta tuyen hai trinh va hoat dgng lien tuc cho de'n the ky XVIII-<br /> tQ cQa song Thai Binh de'n Tenam (Tien An XIX (42). Dieu dang chu y la, trong ky Qc<br /> hay Tien Yen). Theo dd, tuyen di "chii ye'u cua nhan dan, cho de'n nay ngudi ta van ggi<br /> men theo da't lien, qua cac con laeh nhd va vung Va Dat la 'Van Ddn" va v i n cd dia<br /> ddng nudc hep, vd sd' giQa nhQng hdn dao d danh "Chd Van Ddn" d dd.<br /> phia Ddng cua dai vinh" (41). Ket qua khao Ben canh dd, vdi tQ each la mdt thQdng<br /> sat cho tha'y d Van Ninh, ngay ben sdng Ka cang qud'c te, giQ vai trd quan trgng trong<br /> Long, cd sQ xua't Id cua cac bai hien vat cac boat ddng kinh te' ddi ngoai qua nhieu<br /> gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c co quy the ky, thudng cang Van Ddn cdn cd va md<br /> md ldn. Tai mgt sd' khu vQc thudc thdn rdng hoat dgng giao thUdng vdi trung tam<br /> Ddng nhQ: Thoi Sanh, Va Dat, RQng kinh te mien Nam Trung Hoa va cac qud'c<br /> Miiu... hien vat v i n ken day, cd ndi tang gia Ddng A. Theo quan diem cua chuyen gia<br /> van hda day 1,5m de'n hdn 2m. Thuc te dd nghien cQu thUOng mai ndi tie'ng Kenneth R.<br /> khien chung ta khdng the khdng iQdng tinh Hall thi de'n the ky XIV the gidi da hinh<br /> den mQc do giao thQdng va tam anh hudng thanh it nha't 6 vung thUdng mai (trade<br /> cua trung tam dau mdi nay trong cac boat zones). Nhd cd sQ boat dgng va kien ket cua<br /> dgng kinh te ddi ngoai. Trong nhieu the ky, cac vung thQdng mai dd ma hang hoa tQ<br /> mgt sd san pham xua't khau cua vung chau phudng Ddng (Trung Quoc) dUdc dUa den<br /> thd sdng Hdng da vQdn manh len phia Bic, chau Au. Trong 6 vung dd thi khu vi,Ic kinh<br /> den cac thi trQdng qud'c te. Chic h i n thdi te mien Nam Trung Hoa cung vdi cac cang<br /> ba'y gid, cung vdi cac ngudn thQdng pham ven bien Viet Nam cd vi the het sQc quan<br /> khac nhQ td lua, lam thd, hai san thi gd'm trgng. He tho'ng nay keo dai den vinh Siam,<br /> sQ, sanh "An Nam" da dQdc thQdng nhan ban dao Ma Lai va mdt sd' khu vUc thuge<br /> 14 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9.2009<br /> <br /> Java de tQ dd thiic sQ hinh thanh nen vung chinh tri, dan cU va khu vQc san xua't thu<br /> thQdng mai thQ hai d cac qud'c gia Ddng cdng. S Q hinh t h a n h he thd'ng cang sdng da<br /> Nam A hai dao (43). tac dgng khdng nhd de'n vi the trung tam<br /> NhQ vay, cung vdi nhan td' h i n g xuyen la kinh te ddi ngoai cua Van Ddn nhiing du vay<br /> cac hoat dgng khai thac hai san, budn ban nd cung khdng the la tac nhan dan de'n sQ<br /> cua gidi Hoa thQdng, Van Ddn cdn la diem suy tan mau chdng cua thQdng cang. Ndi<br /> de'n tQ ra't sdm ciia cac doan thuyen buon tQ each khac, trong quan he giao thQdng Dang<br /> cac qud'c gia Dong Nam A va nhieu kha Ngoai the ky XVT-XVIII, mac du cd sii troi<br /> nang cdn la ndi hudng neo cua ca mgt so' day cua he thd'ng cang sdng vung Ddng Bae<br /> thuyen budn - sQ doan tQ Ryukyu (Nhat vdi Domea (Tien Lang,.Hai Phong) (46), Phd<br /> Ban) (44). Theo "Con dUdng td lua tren bien" Hie'n (HQng Yen) va Thang Long nhQng<br /> tuye'n can duyen, nhieu doan thQdng thuyen thQdng cang Van Ddn van duy tri dQdc phan<br /> tQ Ddng Bae A va Ddng Nam A da ddn tu ve nao vi the va hoat dgng giao thUdng qudc te.<br /> Van Ddn. NhQ vay, cac cang vimg Thanh - Tham chi, nhan thQc rd ve tam quan trgng<br /> Nghe Tinh (chau Hoan, chau Ai va sau nam cua vimg cang dag Ddng Bic, trong-quan he<br /> 1306 md rdng ve phia Nam vdi Thuan chau, vdi Dang Ngoai, nam 1661 Cdng ty Ddng An<br /> Hoa chau) khdng chi ddng vai trd la vung Ha Lan (VQC) cdn dat muc tieu md rgng moi<br /> kinh te ddi ngoai phia Nam eua Dai Viet ma quan he vdi khu viic nay (47). NhQ vay, ciing<br /> cdn la cac cang trung chuyen cua trung tam vdi he thdng cdng song, nen kinh teddi ngoai<br /> kinh te phia Ddng Bic tQc Van Ddn. Cdc ciia Dgi Viet vdn phdt huy the manh vd tiem<br /> hog,t dgng trao doi, budn bdn, bang giao, ndng ciia he thd'ng cdng bien.<br /> trieu co'ng... dd tao nen sac thdi da dien vd Ben canh dd, cung cd the dQa ra gia<br /> hogt dgng nhgn nhip cua khu thUdng cdng thuye't la, nhieu kha nang, trong khi chinh<br /> trong lich sd. Hogt dgng giao thUdng da quyen Le - Trinh tap trung sQ quan tam den<br /> dgng dd dd dem lgi sinh lite phdt trien he thd'ng cang sdng thi he thd'ng cang bien<br /> manh me, Idu ddi cho thUcfng cdng. Dd v a n Ddn da cd dQdc mgt khdng gian va mdi<br /> chinh la Khu viic t h i i b a cua thUdng cang. trQdng thoang md cho cac hoat dgng kinh te<br /> Khu vQc nay dung chQa nhieu moi giao iQu quan phQdng - phi quan phQdng, trung Qdng<br /> kinh te, bang giao da dang, phQc tap nhQng - dia phQdng cung ddng thdi diin ra d vung<br /> cung ddng thdi the hien sQ nhay cam bien dao. Chi rieng sQ xua't hien day dac cua<br /> chinh tri, tinh than chu dgng, nang<br /> liic thich Qng, ddi Qng cao cua cac the<br /> che chinh tri Thang Long va tiem liic,<br /> sQc manh cua kinh te Dai Viet.<br /> <br /> Hdn the nQa, trong cac the ky XVI-<br /> XVIII, chiu tac dgng manh me cua cac<br /> hoat dgng giao thQdng quo'c te, hoat<br /> dong thQdng mai cila Dai Viet dan<br /> dUdc md rgng ddng thdi tie'n vao sau<br /> trong da't lien. ThQdng nhan ngoai<br /> qud'c cd the den trao ddi va mua ban Sd dd 2: Thiidng cang Van don va moi quan he vdi<br /> tnIc tiep tai nhieu trung tam kinh te, mang iQcrt giao thiitfng quoc te<br /> Tinh he thdng va guy mg.. 15<br /> <br /> cac manh v3 gd'm sQ, sanh Viet Nam, Trung ndi them la, he thd'ng dd vdi tQ each la mdt<br /> Qud'c phan bo' tren mdt dien rdng d khu viic chinh the khdng ngQng phat trien hoan<br /> Cai Lang - Sdn Hao - Con Quy cung du cho thien theo thdi gian nhUng mat khac, trai<br /> tha'y mQc do budn ban, luan chuyen hang qua thdi gian nd cung khdng ngQng bien ddi<br /> hoa ra't ldn eua khu thQdng cang Van Ddn theo cae hoat ddng thQc te, mdi trUdng kinh<br /> (48). Dieu chae c h i n la, sau giai doan phat te qud'c te cung nhQ chu trQdng, chinh sach<br /> trien phdn thinh thdi Trin, trong Thdi dgi cua cac the che.<br /> hodng kim cua he tho'ng hai thQdng chau A<br /> Ngay nay, trong xu the hdi nhap khu vQc,<br /> (1450-1680) (49), Van Ddn v i n la die'm de'n,<br /> qud'c te, ^vinh Bae Bg cd vi tri chie'n iQdc vdi<br /> la dia ban ddi iQu cac ddng mach kinh te<br /> Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c ea ve kinh te cung<br /> trong nudc vdi qud'c te, giQa hai khu vQc<br /> nhQ qudc phdng, an ninh. Vinh Bic Bg ma<br /> Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa phQdng<br /> trung diem la thudng cang Van Ddn la ndi<br /> Ddng vdi phQdng Tay. Chinh cac hoat ddng<br /> chQa dQng nhieu ngudn tai nguyen thien<br /> kinh te da dang, da chieu dd da dem lai cho<br /> nhien dac biet la cac ngudn ldi hai san, d i u<br /> Van Ddn sQc sd'ng va the hien day dii t i m<br /> khi, du hch... ddng thdi la cQa ngd, la ndi tap<br /> vdc cua mdt thQdng cang quan trgng ciia trung mgt sd' tuye'n giao thQdng tren bien<br /> khu VQc Ddng A. ndi ket giQa khu vQc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng<br /> Do vay, hieu Van Ddn vdi vi tri la mgt Nam A, giQa vung Dong Bic cila Viet Nam<br /> trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam vdi mien Ddng Nam va Tay Nam Trung<br /> trong lich sQ phai cd mgt cai nhin td'ng the, Qud'c. Trong cac tiem nang, gia tri cua Van<br /> he thd'ng trong mdi tQdng quan va lien he da Ddn, di san van hda truyen thd'ng cua mdt<br /> chieu cua nd vdi vung bien Ddng Bic ciia Td thdi dai, vi the trong cac mdi giao thUdng<br /> qud'c cung nhQ sQ bien thien eua cae moi quo'c te cung nhQng chien cdng oanh liet<br /> quan he, bang giao vdi cac qud'c gia khu vQc. trong khang chie'n ehd'ng ngoai xam chic<br /> chin se trd thanh nhQng ddng lUc phat trien<br /> SQ hinh thanh ba khu vQc cua khu thQdng<br /> cho vung bien Ddng Bad. Vdi tiem nang, vi<br /> cang cd y nghia het sQc quan trgng trong<br /> the chien iQdc, vinh Bae Bg ndi rieng, Bien<br /> viec bao dam nhQng boat ddng va lam tien<br /> Ddng ndi chung da va hoan toan ed kha<br /> de, ddng liic phat trien cho nhau. Trong cac<br /> nang trd thanh mgt khu vQe phat trien kinh<br /> hoat dgng kinh te', van hoa, chinh tri da<br /> te sdi dgng, dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi Idn<br /> dang dd, Khu vQc thQ nha't tQc vung trung<br /> nhQng cung an chQa nhQng tharri vgng cua<br /> tam thQdng cang cd vai trd het sQc quan<br /> mgt so' qud'c gia mud'n thdng qua cac chQdng<br /> trgng. NhUng, nd chi cd the thQc hien dUdc<br /> trinh khai thac, bao dam an ninh va hdp tac<br /> vai trd va the hien vi the cua minh trong sQ<br /> phat trien... de tranh gianh, md rgng anh<br /> hd trd va mdi quan he tQdng ho cua Khu vQc<br /> hQdng ddi vdi khu vQc.<br /> thQ hai va Khu vQc thQ ba. CQng can phai<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Hpi Kloa hoc Lich sil Viet Nam: Van hod ddu cdc nen vdn hod co, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, H^<br /> Oc Eo - Vuang qud'c Phii Nam. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr. 833-847.<br /> Noi, 2008. Tham khao them: H4 Van T4'n: 6c Eo - (2). t3eogre Coedes: The Indianized States ofSoutheast<br /> NhUngyeu to ngi sinh va ngoai sinh, trong: Theo Asia, University of Hawaii press, Honolulu, 1968.<br /> 15 Rghien cixu Lich siSr, s g 9 . 2 0 0 9<br /> <br /> <br /> (3). Ha Van Ta'n (Cb.): Khao cd hoc Viet Nam, (10). T r i n Qudc VUdng: Truyen thong van hoa<br /> Tip I, Thdi do da, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, Viet Nam trong hoi canh Bong Nam A vd Bong A,<br /> 1998, tr. 267. Tham khao them Trinh Nang Chung: trong: Vdn hoa Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ng&m, Nxb.<br /> Moi quan he van hoa thdi tien sd giiia Bde Viet Nam Van hda Dan toe - Tap cU Van hda Ngh$ thuSt, H i<br /> vaNam Trung Qudc. Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2009. Noi, 2000, tr. 20.<br /> <br /> (4). Ha HQu Nga - Ngnyin Van Hao: Hg Long (11). T r i n Quo'c Vudng: Mgt net bdn sic van hoa<br /> thdi tien sit. Ban Quan ly vinh Ha Long, 2002, tr. Viet Nam: Khd ndng ling bien, trong: Vdn hoa Viet<br /> 233. Nam tim tbi vd suy ngam, Sdd, tr. 41.<br /> <br /> (5). Karashima Noburu: Trade Relations between (12). Nguyen Van Kim - Nguyen Manh Diing:<br /> South India and China during the 13th and 14th Truy4n thong vd hogt dong thiidng mgi ciia nguifi<br /> Centuries; and Nagasluma Hiromu: Muslim Viet: ThUc te tich sit vd nhgn thiic, trong: Viet Nam<br /> Merchants' Visits to Japan; in: East- West trong he thong thUcfng mgi chdu A theky XVI-XVII,<br /> Maritime Relations, Vol.1, The Middle Eastern Nxb. The Gidi, 2007, tr. 315. Nam 1988, hoc gia<br /> Cultural Center in Japan, 1989, p. 59-82, 1-30. ngudi Phap Denys Lombard trong bai viet cua minh<br /> dang tren Tap clii Bia ly Phdp (French Geographical<br /> (6). Trong An Nam chi luge, ve pliam cha't,<br /> Journal) cung da dUa ra quan niem cd mot "Dia<br /> phong tuc va nep song cua cU dan An Nam, Le T4c<br /> Trung Hai khac" cl Ddng Nam A (Another<br /> viet: "Dan ong lo lam ruong, di buon; dan ba lo nuoi<br /> "Mediterrannean" in Southeast Asia). Quan diem<br /> tam, det vai, each noi pho hien hoa, it long ham<br /> chu dao ciia bai viei la di tdi phan ti'ch nhQng ye'u td<br /> muon. Ngudi 6 xil xa phieu dat tdi nUdc ho, ho hay<br /> hoi tham 4'y la tinh thucing cua ho. Ngudi sinh ra d ben trong, chii the va gia tri sang tao cua van hoa<br /> Giao Chau v4 Ai Chau tlii rong rai, co muu tri; Dong Nam A ma trong dd mdi trudng bien (Bien<br /> ngUcIi cl Chau Hoan, Chau Dien thi thudn tu, ham Dong Nam A) cd vai trd het sQc quan trong. Cd the<br /> hoc. Du nQa thi khd dai thiet th4. Dan hay ve minh. tham khao ban dich Anh ngQ cua Nola Cooke.<br /> Vi trdi nong sot, dan Ua t i m cl song, nen ho cheo do (13). Nguyen Tai Thu (Cb.): Lich sd Phat Gido<br /> va loi nudc ra't gioi. Tie'p khaeh thi dai trSu cau. Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1988, tr.<br /> Tinh.Ua an dUa mam va nhQng vat dudi bien", Nxb. 12-70.<br /> Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa Ngdn ngQ Dong<br /> Tay, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 70. (14). Wang Gungwu: The Nanhai Trade - The<br /> Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China<br /> (7). Keiji Imamura: Prehistoric Japan • New Sea, Times Accademic press, 1998.<br /> Perspectives on Insular East Asia, University of<br /> (15). Tiin Hdn thu, Q.28 ha, td 21b; d i n theo<br /> Tokyo, Tokyo 1996. Tham khao them T r i n Qudc<br /> TrUdng Minh Hang: Buon bdn qua bien gidi Viet -<br /> VUdng: Ve mgt ddi vdn hoa Nam Bdo ven bd Bien<br /> Trung: Lick sd, hien trgng vd trien vgng, Nxb. Khoa<br /> Dong, Tap chi Nghien cdu Bong Nam A sd 2, 1998,<br /> tr.60. hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 15.<br /> <br /> (16). Le Tac: An Nam chi luge, Sdd, tr. 289.<br /> (8). Xem Ha Van Ta'n: Tiin si hoc Bong Nam A -<br /> Tri thiic vd khuynh hudng, trong: Theo da'u cac nen (17). Trong bao cdo: The Bisappearance of Van<br /> van hoa co, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1997, tr. Bon: Trade and State in Fifteen Century Dai Viet - A<br /> 26. Changing Regime?, trinh bay tai Hdi thao: A Mini<br /> Mediterranean Sea - Gulf of Tongking through<br /> (9). Ha Van Ta'n: Thuyin, mo vd mo thuyen,<br /> History (Dia Trung Hai thu nhd - Vinh Bic B9<br /> trong: Theo da'u cac nen van hoa co, Sdd, tr.<br /> trong lich si) do Dai hoc Qudc gia Australia va Vi^n<br /> 717.<br /> Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, Vien Khoa hoc Xa hpi<br /> Tinh he thgng va guy mg.. 17<br /> <br /> <br /> Quang Tay to' chQc ngay 14-15/3/2008 tai Nam Ninh (27). Xem Bd dia chi, trong: Nguyen Trdi todn<br /> (Trung Qudc), GS. John KWhitmore cho rang tap idn bien, Nxb. Van hoc - Trung tdm Nghien cQu<br /> thUdng cang Van Don xua't hien vio giQa thS' ky XII Qudc hoc, Ha Noi, 2001, Hd Van Tin hieu dinh va<br /> va suy tan (bien ma't) vao cuol the ky XV (1467). chu thich, tr. 587.<br /> Tren thUc te, cac ngudn tU lieu Viet Nam va cac<br /> (28). Do Van Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, tJy ban<br /> bang chQng ve khao cd hoc, nhan hoc... cho tha'y<br /> Nhan dan huyen Van Ddn, 1997, tr. 145-146.<br /> mac dd cd nhQng khoang thdi gian tUdng doi trim<br /> lang nhung thudng cang Van Don da hoat ddng lien (29). Xem Do Van Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Bon,<br /> tuc cho d§'n khoang d i u theky XVIII. Sdd; Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng Vdn<br /> Bdn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cdhgc, Tap chi Khao<br /> (18). Ngd Si Lien va cac sQ t h i n nha Le: Bai Viet<br /> cd hoc, sd 4-2006 va Bao cao khai quat KCH d dao<br /> sd ky toan thd. Tap I, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha<br /> Cdng Tay nam 2002 cua Han Van Kha'n; Bao cao<br /> Npi, 1993, tr. 317.<br /> khai quat nam 2003 tai Cai Lang cua nha KCH<br /> (19). Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chddng logi Pham NhQ Hd. Xem Pham NhQ Hd:. NhCtng phdt<br /> chi, Tap I, Nxb. Sil hoc, Ha Ndi, 1960, tr. 35-36. hien mdi ve khao cd hoc ndm 2003, Nxb. Khoa hoc<br /> Xa hdi, Ha Noi, 2004, tr! 356-358.<br /> (20). Ve sQ bie'n ddi ddn vi hanh chinh cua Vdn<br /> Ddn cd t h i xem Nguyen Van Kim: He thd'ng thddng (30). Cd the coi viec xdc dinh trung tam hanh<br /> cdng Van Bon qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc, chinh va thUdng cang Van Ddn thdi L^ d viing ThQa<br /> Tap chi Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr. 46-65. Cdng la mot gia thuye't khoa hoc. Mot sd nhd ngliien<br /> cQu dat vin de phai cd sQ phat hien gdm thdi L^ thi<br /> (21). Nguyen Van Sieu: Dgi Viet dia dd todn<br /> mdi cd the bao dam ludn cQ. Tuy nhien, mdt sd<br /> bien, Vien SQ hoc - Nxb. Van hda, Hd Noi, 1997, tr.<br /> manh gdm sQ, sanh thdi Td'ng da dQcJc phat hi§n.<br /> 162.<br /> Chung tdi cho rang, thQ nha't: Cho den nay ngliien<br /> (22). Nguyen Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn cQu khao cd hoc d vdng ThQa Cdng ndi rieng vd Van<br /> bien, Sdd, tr. 66. Ddn noi chung v i n chi diing lai d mot sd cuoc tham<br /> sdt, khai qudt quy md tUdng ddi nhd. Sau nQa, nhQ<br /> (23). Nguyin Van Sieu: Bai Viet dia dd todn<br /> cac ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, vao thdi Ly hoat dong<br /> 6ien, Sdd, tr. 112.<br /> budn ban d Van Ddn chii yeu id cac hang nhe, hang<br /> (24). Bong Khanh dd dia chi. Tap I, (Ngo DQc la, cd gia tri nhu hUdng lieu, vai lua, san hd, ngoc<br /> Tho - Nguyen Vdn Nguyen - Philippe Papin dich, trai, chim vet nen r i t khd de lai diu tich. Ben canh<br /> gidi thi§u), Nxb. The Gidi, Hd Noi, 2003, tr. 422. dd, han la vao thdi h^, gdm xuit khiu ciia Dai Viet<br /> cdn nhieu han che va khd cd the canh tranh vdi gdm<br /> (25), Yamamoto Tasturo: Thddng cdng Vdn Bon<br /> sQ Tdng tren thQdng trQdng. Hdn the nQa, trong<br /> cua An Nam, Ddng PhUdng hoc bao, sd 9-1936. Bai<br /> nghien cQu, gd'm sfl chi la mot trong nhQng bing<br /> viet cung da dUdc xuit ban bang tie'ng Anh: Vdn<br /> chQng quan trong chQ khdng the id cd sd duy nhit<br /> Bon - A Trade Port in Vietnam, Toyo Bunko (Dong<br /> de dinh tudi va xac dinh vi the cua mot dia diem<br /> DUdng vdn khd). Memoirs of the Research<br /> hay khu thudng cang. Day thQc sQ la vin de thu vi<br /> Department of the Toyo Bunko, the Oriental<br /> trong qua trinh nghien cQu v^ lich sQ liinh thanh,<br /> Library, No. 39, 1981, p. 2-14.<br /> phat trien ciia thQdng cang Van Ddn.<br /> (26). T r i n Qud'c VUdng: Ve dia diem Vdn Bin<br /> (bai viet rieng cho Quang Ninh), Phdng Tu lieu (31). Dd v a n Ninh: Huyen dao Vdn Bon, Sdd, tr.<br /> Khoa Lich sQ, TrQdng DH JCHXH & NV, DHQG HN, 177-200 va Ha v a n Tin: Chua Viet Nam, trong:<br /> sd DM/130. De'n vdi lich sd vdn hod Viet Nam, Nxb. Hoi nha van,<br /> 18 Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg 9.2009<br /> <br /> Ha Noi, 2005, tr. 223-227. Dua tren phat Men khao Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hie'n chdong logi chi. Tap<br /> cd hoc, tac gia viet: "d chQa Lim, ngdi chinh dien cd I, Nxb. Sil hoc, Hd Noi, 1960, tr. 114. Theo dd, t u i n<br /> the dUdc Idp ngdi iQu ly phu men xanh, ndi len vi tri S u i t Ty d Quynh Lau cd nhidm vu kiem sodt thuyen<br /> dac biet cua nd so vdi nhiing ngdi nha khac, chi dQdc tQ sdng Bach Dang, sdng Chanh ra bien cdn t u i n<br /> Idp ngdi mui hdi binh thudng", Chua Viet Nam, tr. An LUdng dat d cQa sdng Bach Long Vi tQ Trung<br /> 226. Qua cac vet ti'ch kien true da, chua Ld'm cQng Qudc chay sang nham kiem soat thuyen budn qua<br /> nhu cdc ngoi chua khac tren dao mang ddm d i u i n lai budn ban d vQng bien gidi Viet - Trung.<br /> van hoa cudi Tran, chua t h i y cd diu hieu trung tu,<br /> (36). Trong cac mua dien da tQ 1992 de'n 2006,<br /> tdn tao cua cdc thdi ky sau.<br /> chung tdi da de'n khao sat tai cac xa Hoang Tan,<br /> (32). Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng thddng cdng Tan An, Ha An va Hoang Tien. Tai khu vQc DUdng<br /> Vdn Ddn qua td lieu lich sd vd khao cd hoc. Tap chi Hac, Go Vat, Sed Be, Hon Dau... tha'y xuit 16 nhieu<br /> Khao cdhgc, sd4, 2006, tr. 56. bai sanh, gd'm men cac thdi Trin, Mac, Le. O DQdng<br /> (33). Trong ddt khai qudt thang 7 nam 2002