Tổ chức bộ máy quản lý hành chính Nam Bộ nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX từ Gia Định thành đến Nam Kỳ lục tỉnh

TO CHUC BO MAY QUAN LY HANH CHINH NAM BO NlTA DAU<br /> THE KY XIX: TIJTGIA DINH THANH DEN NAM KY LUC TINH<br /> <br /> NGUYfiN NGOC PHUC<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> X ua't phat ttr nhiing dac thii ve dieu<br /> kien ty nhien, ciing n h a ljch sd sudt<br /> ca qua trinh trade, trong va sau khi ngadi<br /> Nhin nhan bd'i canh ciing nhiing nguyen<br /> nhan, tac dpng tren se gdp phan tim ldi dap<br /> cho cau hdi vi sao, bang phadng each nao,<br /> Viet khai pha, thyc thi chii quyen, Nam Bd trong ma'y thap ky dau the ky XIX, tit thiet<br /> sdm da djnh hinh, xac lap vdi ta each mpt lap Gia Djnh thanh, rdi xoay chuyen, dUa<br /> khdng gian ljch sii - van hoa (1). Cac dac den viec chia dat, hinh thanh lyc tinh Nam<br /> diem dja ly, ljch sU dan cU, van hoa tdc Ky. Sud't qua trinh dd, tUdng quan quyen<br /> ngadi khong chi tac dpng tdi ddi sdng kinh liic chi'nh quyen trung Udng - dja phadng la<br /> te xa hpi ma cdn la nhan to' chi phdi qua ye'u to' quye't djnh cho mdi bade di va sii liia<br /> trinh td chiic, hoat ddng ctia bp may quan chpn, de cud'i ciing tao nen nhilng bie'n<br /> ly hanh chinh, nhat la trong nhiing giai chuyen sau sac ca ve thiet che hanh chinh<br /> doan giao thdi ljch sil. Dau the ky XIX, khi lan cd cau quyen lyc Nam Bp... Theo hadng<br /> chinh quyen trung Udng mdi thiet lap, thUc tiep can nay, bai viet ciia chiing tdi se gdp<br /> lyc chUa du manh de cd the vifdn xud'ng phan daa ra nhiing ly giai, nham gdp phan<br /> nam quyen kiem soat, chi phd'i toan bp lanh lam r5 them thyc cha't, can nguyen ciia qua<br /> tho. Vi the, trong qua trinh chpn lUa, xay trinh tren.<br /> dyng md hinh quan ly, trieu dinh Hue<br /> 1. Gia Dinh t h a n h - biidc chuyen<br /> khdng the khong can nhac de'n ye'u td' viing<br /> qua do cua Nam Bo trong Viet Nam<br /> mien cua Nam Bo. Phadng an Gia Djnh<br /> thanh thUc chat dUdc xem la giai phap qua thong nha't . ., .<br /> dp tren con dUdng ciing ed', tang cUdng siic Giila nhilng ngdn ngang be bpn ciia cdng<br /> manh quyen lyc ciia trieu dinh Nguyen. He cudc kie'n thie't da't nadc, thiet lap va to'<br /> qua cua giai phap nay la hang chuc nam chile bp may quan ly hanh chinh la nhiem<br /> dadi thdi Gia Long va dau trieu Minh vu vd Cling quan trong. Y thilc dadc dieu<br /> Menh, tif cd ca'u hanh chinh ciing nha thiet do, nha Nguyen - vdi vai trd ndi bat ciia hai<br /> che quan ly di kem, Nam Bp dUdc td chiic, vua dau trieu Gia Long, Minh Menh - da<br /> dieu hanh bdi mpt chinh quyen dja phadng gianh nhieu tam siic, nd lyc cho sil mang<br /> ma tinh tU tri dadc coi la dac diem ndi bat. nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> • Th.S. Khoa Lich sii - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN<br /> Td chtrc b6 may quin ly hanh chinh. 21<br /> <br /> Nam 1802, sau khi len ngdi, vua Gia de lai, 8 thdng lai; mdi phii huyen deu cd 50<br /> Long chia ca nadc thanh 27 tra'n (Dang linh le; ca'p tdng dat 1 tdng tradng, 1 pho<br /> Ngoai cii) va doanh (Dang Trong cii). Dang tdng. Rieng dd'i vdi cac ty Ta thifa, Hiiu<br /> Ngoai cd 13 tra'n va 1 phu Phung Thien thifa thudc 6 ngoai tra'n chi dat 1 cai hdp, 1<br /> (nam 1805 ddi lam phii Hoai Dilc), Dang thu hdp va 13 ngadi thudc ty (3).<br /> Trong cii gom 14 doanh (tni doanh Quang<br /> Cdn vdi Nam Bp, nam 1800, Nguyen<br /> Dilc sau ddi thanh phu Thita Thien, tii nam<br /> Anh ddi phii Gia Djnh thanh Tra'n Gia<br /> 1808 cac doanh cdn lai deu lan ladt ddi<br /> Djnh (4), diing dau la Lau tra'n. Ddn vj<br /> thanh tra'n). Tuy nhien, trieu dinh chi tnic<br /> hanh chinh doanh liic nay cd ban gid'ng nha<br /> tie'p quan ly 4 "tnic doanh" (gdm "til Quang":<br /> thdi ky Dang Trong (5). Diing dau doanh la<br /> Quang Binh,. Quang Trj, Quang Dilc - Thtra<br /> Lau thu, giiip viec cd Cai ba, Ky luc. Nam<br /> Thien, Quang Nam) ciing 7 "cd tra'n" (Nghe<br /> 1804, Gia Long thay the hai ty Tadng than<br /> An, Thanh Hda, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh,<br /> va Xa sai bang viec dat ty Ta thila va Hiiu<br /> Phii Yen, Binh Khadng va Binh Thuan).<br /> thila, mdi ty 100 ngadi, chia lam bdn phdng<br /> Dd'i vdi nhiing doanh, tran cdn lai, d Hd, Binh, Hinh, Cdng. Sai Lau tra'n chpn<br /> Dang Ngoai cii, nam 1802, vua Gia Long cac ty cua chinh doanh thudc tran de sung<br /> lap ra Bac thanh, pham vi gom nam npi bd (6).<br /> tra'n (Sdn Nam Thadng, Sdn Nam Ha, Kinh<br /> Tuy nhien, phai den nam 1808, nhiing<br /> Bac, Sdn Tay va Hai Dadng) va sau ngoai<br /> thay ddi can ban ve quan ly hanh chinh<br /> tra'n (Thai Nguyen, Lang Sdn, Tuyen<br /> Nam Bp mdi thyc sy bat dau. Vua Gia<br /> Quang, Cao Bang, Yen Quang va Hang<br /> Long "tha'y dja the Gia Djnh rpng ldn", sau<br /> Hda). Nha vay, vdi Bac thanh, lan dau tien<br /> khi "sai dinh than ban ky viec kinh ly de<br /> trong ljch sil trieu Nguyen, mpt ca'p hanh<br /> giii gin bd coi cho vilng manh" (7) da quyet<br /> chinh trung gian, quan ly tnic tiep dja ban<br /> djnh thiet lap d Nam Bd mpt khu vyc hanh<br /> rpng, gdm nhieu tra'n dadc thiet lap.<br /> chinh mdi vdi ten gpi Gia Dinh thdnh (8).<br /> Dilng dau Bac thanh la Tdng tra'n, dadc Pham vi gdm dja gidi ciia 5 tran (vd'n la cac<br /> trieu dinh giao cho "trpng than tra'n giil". doanh): doanh Phien Tra'n ddi lam tra'n<br /> Tdng tra'n cd quyen lyc rat ldn: "pham Phien An, doanh Tra'n Bien ddi lam tra'n<br /> nhilng viec cat bai quan lai, xil quyet kien Bien Hoa, doanh Vinh Tra'n ddi lam tra'n<br /> tung, deu dadc tiiy ma lam rdi sau mdi Vinh Thanh, doanh Tra'n Djnh ddi lam<br /> tau". Cac cd quan giiip viec Tdng tra'n d BSc tra'n Djnh Tadng va tra'n Ha Tien (dat tir<br /> thanh gdm ba tao Hd, Binh, Hinh, cd nhiem nam 1810). Nhiem vu ciia Gia Djnh thanh,<br /> vu "theo quan Tdng tra'n de xet bien cdng theo Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi gdm: "trdng<br /> viec" (2). coi cac viec binh dan, thue djch va hinh an<br /> ciia 5 tran: Phien An, Bien Hoa, VTnh<br /> Dadi Bac thanh, cac ca'p hanh chi'nh cd<br /> Thanh, Djnh Tadng va Ha Tien, ddng thdi<br /> tra'n (gdm npi va ngoai tra'n), phii, huyen,<br /> cdn kiem lanh dao tii xa them tra'n Binh<br /> tdng va ddn vj hanh chinh cd sd<br /> Thuan d phia Bac. Pham viec binh thi do<br /> thon/xa/phadng... Theo quy djnh, moi tran<br /> thanh chi huy, cdn cac viec thue ma, hinh<br /> dat hai ty Ta thiia, Hiiu thila. Moi ty d ndi<br /> an thi tra'n ty sap dat" (9).<br /> tra'n dat 1 cau ke, 1 cai hdp, 1 thu hdp va<br /> 22 ngadi thupc ty. Cap phu, huyen, moi Ciing nha Bac thanh, diing dau Gia<br /> phu dat 2 de lai, 10 thdng lai; huypn dat 2 Djnh thanh la Tdng tra'n, ngoai ra cd Hipp<br /> 22 Rghien ciJru Lich sit. s6 2.2010<br /> <br /> tdng tra'n (sau ddi la Phd Tdng tra'n). Dgi 3 tao Hd, Binh, Hinh. Nam 1824, Minh<br /> Nam thiic luc cho biet nam Gia Long thii 7 Menh lai cho Hd tao dadc bd them 1 vien<br /> (1808): "Bat dau dat chile Tong tra'n thanh Thiem sil, Binh tao thi Lang trung, Chii sii<br /> Gia Djnh... la'y Nguyen Van Nhan lam mdi chiic 1 vien, Hinh tao moi chile Thiem<br /> Tdng tra'n, Trinh Hoai Dilc lam Hiep tdng sii, Lang trung, Chii sil moi chile 1 vien<br /> tra'n. Ban a'n Tdng tra'n thanh Gia Djnh (a'n (13).<br /> bac niim hinh sa tii)" (10). Quyen han cua Cac cdng viec cy the ve hanh chi'nh, ta<br /> Tdng tra'n ra't ldn: "pham trua't thang quan phap, quan sil... d Gia Djnh thanh dapc giai<br /> lai, hang ldi t n i hai, ta't ca viec thanh va quye't thdng qua hai ty Ta thila, Hiiu thila,<br /> viec bien cadng deu cho tuy nghi ma lam" mdi ty cd 3 phdng. Ty Ta thila gdm cac<br /> (11). phdng Lai, Binh va Hinh, ty Hilu thiia gdm<br /> Giiip viec cho Tdng tra'n Gia Djnh, tii cac phdng Hd, Le va Cdng. Theo Khdm<br /> nam 1813, Gia Long dat bdn tao Hd, Binh, dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sii le, nam 1808, sd<br /> Hinh, Cdng. Ngadi dilng dSu moi Tao se nhan vien thupc hai ty Ta thila, Hiiu thila<br /> la'y til chile Tham tri, Thiem sil d cac bp ciia Gia Djnh thanh dadc quy djnh (Xem<br /> biet phai xud'ng (12). Tuy tilng giai doan va bang 1) (14).<br /> yeu cau cdng viec cy the, sd' vien lai d cac<br /> Nam 1821, Minh Menh cho ddi chiic Cai<br /> tao cd sil thay ddi. Nam Minh Menh thii 2 hdp cac thanh, dinh, tra'n lam Tha lai<br /> (1821), trieu dinh chuan djnh ba tao Hp, chanh bat pham, Thu hdp lam Tha lai<br /> Binh, Hinh d Gia Djnh thanh mdi tao 2 chanh cilu ph^m (15). Sau 1 nam, lai tiep<br /> Thiem sii, Cdng tao 1 Thiem sy, phai til tyc "ddi djnh lai so' vien chile d hai thiia ty<br /> moi bd Hp, Binh, Hinh 1 vien Thiem sil daa va cac thanh dinh tra'n", sd' nhan sii tai cac<br /> de'n Gia Djnh thanh lam cac cdng viec ciia phdng dadc tang them<br /> Bang 1: So' n h a n vien cun hai ty Ta thita, Hufu thifa cua Gla Dinh 22 ngadi, cy the: "ba<br /> thanh<br /> phdng Lai, Binh Hinh<br /> Chiic vu thupc Ta thiia ty va ba<br /> Ty/phdng C6ng<br /> C&uk« Cai h«fp Thu hop Ban ty<br /> Ty Ta thCra: 1 2 69 phdng Hp, Le, Cdng<br /> Phdng Lai 2 10 thudc HQu thila ty,<br /> Phdng Binh 2 20<br /> Phdng Hinh 2 30<br /> mdi phe:-'3 1 ngadi<br /> Ty HQu thCra 1 2 69 Cau ke. Phdng Lai, bat<br /> Phdng Hd 2 30 ciiu pham tha lai deu<br /> Phdng LS 2 10<br /> Phdng Cdng 2 20 1 vien, vj nhap lau 15<br /> Cpng 2 4 12 120 138 ngadi. Phdng Binh,<br /> bat ph^m 1, cilu ph^m<br /> Bang 2: So' litcfng yk p h a m ham lai vien cua Gia Dinh t h ^ n h<br /> 2, vi nhap lau 25.<br /> Thu lai Phdng Hinh, bat ph^m<br /> Phong Chanh bat Chanh curu Vi nh&p Cdng<br /> phim phim liru 1, cvJu pham 3, vj nhap<br /> Lai 1 15 17 lau 30. Phdng Hp, bat<br /> H6 3 35 39 ph^m 1, ciiu ph^m 5,<br /> L4 1 10 12<br /> Binh 2 25 28 vj nhap lau 35. Phdng<br /> Hinh 3 30 34 Li, bat ciiu ph^m deu<br /> CPng 2 25 28<br /> C6ng<br /> 1, vj nhap lau 10.<br /> 6 12 140 158<br /> Td churc bO moy quin ly hbnh chinh... 22<br /> <br /> <br /> Phdng Cdng, bat ciiu pham deu 2, vj nhap khac biet. Theo quy djnh nam 1808: 'Ta<br /> lau 25" (16). thQa, HQu thQa d cac tran, doanh va cac ty<br /> thudc lai cac dao, phan djnh so' nhan vien<br /> Tha lai giiip viec tai moi phdng ciing<br /> ph^m trat cd khac nhau, hai thQa ty chia<br /> dadc quy djnh cu the. Nam 1821, sd ladng<br /> lam 6 phdng" (24). Cy the, so'nhan vien cac<br /> va ph^m ham lai vien ciia Gia Djnh thanh<br /> tran Phien An, Bien Hoa, Vinh Thanh,<br /> nha sau (Xem bang 2) (17).<br /> Djnh Tadng gdm (Xem bang 4) (25).<br /> Nam 1829, trong chii dich tiet giam<br /> Nam 1822, Minh Menh giam nhan sy<br /> quyen lyc va tai cd ca'u bd may quan ly d ca<br /> thudc cac ty d hai tran Phien An, Djnh<br /> hai thanh, nhan viec bp Lai: "tau xin xem<br /> Tadng tQ 118 xudng cdn 108 ngadi (26).<br /> cdng viec phien hay gian ma djnh so' nhan<br /> vien nhieu hay it, cho dapc thich dang", Rieng dd'i vdi tra'n Ha Tien, nam Gia<br /> Minh Menh da ban hanh hang loat cac quy Long 13 (1814), hai ty cung so'nhan sy mdi<br /> djnh thay ddi, cho: "djnh ngach nhan vien d dapc thiet lap, gdm 46 ngadi, cd ca'u ddn<br /> cac tao, phdng, cue thudc Bac thanh va Gia gian hdn so vdi 4 tra'n cu. Cy the, ty Ta<br /> Djnh... Gia Djnh thi Hinh tao kiem quan thQa Cau ke, Cai hdp, Thii hdp deu 1<br /> Le phdng, Tir chadng kiem quan Lai phdng, ngadi, 20 Ban ty. Ty HQu thQa Cau ke, Cai<br /> ma Bac thanh thi Binh tao kiem quan Le hdp, Thu hdp deu 1 ngadi, 20 Ban ty. Dao<br /> phdng, Hinh tao kiem quan Lai phdng" Long Xuyen va dao Kien Giang tQ nam<br /> (18), cu the (19) (Xem bang 3). 1808 ty thupc lai deu cd 1 Thu hdp, 10 ban<br /> ty. Tuy nhien, nam 1814, khi hai dao nay<br /> An phdng (phdng giii a'n) dat nam 1829:<br /> cho lp vao tra'n Ha Tien, dQdc chuan djnh<br /> "lam mpt phdng rieng, nhang thupc thanh<br /> dat ty Thupc lai Cai hdp, Thu hdp deu 1<br /> a'y chuyen giQ. Cac cdng viec phdng a'n,<br /> ngadi, 20 Ban ty (27).<br /> khdng phai le thupc tao nao trdng coi" (20).<br /> Cd che dieu hanh, quan 1^ cac Tao cung Dadi tra'n, trade va sau thdi ky thiet lap<br /> dadc dieu chinh: "hien dat chile ta hQu Gia Djnh thanh, qua trinh dien each ddn vj<br /> Thdng phan mdi chiic 1 vien, ta hQu Kinh hanh chinh daa de'n sy bien ddi manh ve<br /> ljch moi chQc 1 vien, deu tam chi chQc ham quy md, sd ladng phu, huyen, tdng,<br /> Chu sii, Ta vy ty Hp, Binh, Hinh, chia giQ thon I xd I ngu I thudc... Ca'p phu trade nam<br /> cdng vipc ciia ba phdng Lai, Le, Cdng thanh 1808 chaa cd, khi dat Gia Djnh thanh,<br /> a'y. Cdn chQc Thdng phan, Kinh ljch khdng nhieu huyen dapc nang thanh phii, tdng trd<br /> phai dat nQa" (21). thanh huyen mdi. Nha tradng hdp tra'n<br /> Dadi Gia Djnh thanh, ve mat hanh Phien An, theo Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,<br /> chinh, dQng dau mdi Trdn \k Tra'n thu (22) gdm 1 phu, 4 huyen, 8 tdng, 460 xa, thdn,<br /> (vo quan), giiip vipc cd cac chQc Hipp tra'n, phadng, a'p, diem. Trong dd phu Tan Binh<br /> Tham hiep (van quan) (23). trade la huyen, nay cai ddn len lam phu,<br /> gdm 4 huyen:<br /> Tadng ty ca'p Thanh, quan ly cac cdng<br /> vipc hanh chfnh, ta phap, xay diing, quan - Huypn Binh Dadng (trade la tdng), ddi<br /> dpi...d mdi tra'n dapc bd' tri thanh hai tao thanh huyen; lanh 2 tdng Binh Trj, Dadng<br /> (gdm 6 phdng), n h a n g nhan sy cu the thi Hoa mdi dat.<br /> 24 Rghien curu Lich sil. s6 2.2010<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 3: Chiic n a n g va nhiem vu ciia lai vien Gia Dinh t h a n h<br /> Lang Vien ngoai Ch^nh b&t Vj nhap<br /> Ho, T i o trung lang Chil sir T u Vll<br /> curu phim thu luu Cong<br /> lai<br /> Tio HO ki«ni 1 2 2 2 7 50 64<br /> phong C6ng vi cue Tao tac 2 2 3 7 40 54<br /> Tao Binh IciSm 1 2 2 2 9 50 66<br /> phdng Lai 1 1 1 5 20 28<br /> Tio Hinh kiem 1 2 2 2 7 40 54<br /> ph6ng L^ 1 1 4 15 21<br /> Phong a'n 1 5 6<br /> Cong 3 10 10 11 44 215 293<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 4: So' n h a n vien cac T r a n Phien An, Bien Hoa, Vinh T h a n h va Dinh Tiidng<br /> Chile vu<br /> Ty/ph6ng C6ng<br /> Cau ke Cai hop ThO hop Ban ty<br /> Ty Tk thiJa: 1 2 59<br /> Phbng Lai 2 10<br /> Phong Binh 2 15<br /> Ph6ng Hinh 2 25<br /> Ty Hiiu thira 1 2 59<br /> Phbng HO 2 25<br /> Phong hi 2 10<br /> Phbng cang 2 15<br /> Cong 3 4 12 100 118<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 5: Cd cau dcfn vi h a n h chinh cac cap cua Gia Dinh t h a n h sau n a m 1908<br /> <br /> Tr4n Phu Huy^n Tdng Th6n/xa/fip...<br /> Phien An 1 4 g 460<br /> Bien Hoa 1 4 8 310<br /> Dinh Tudng 1 3 6 314<br /> VTnh Thanh 1 4 6 353<br /> Hi Tien 2 4 103<br /> Cpng 4 17 32 1.540<br /> <br /> <br /> - Huyen Tan Long (trade la tdng), lanh 2 hdn sa bien ddng ddn vi hanh chinh cac ca'p<br /> tdng Tan Phong, Long Hang mdi dat. thuQc Gia Djnh thanh (30).<br /> <br /> - Huyen Phadc Loc (trade la tdng); lanh Vdi each thiic td chiic hanh chinh, quy<br /> 2 tdng Phadc Dien, Loc Thanh mdi dat. djnh cat dat, tuyen chon quan lai tren, cd<br /> the tha'y, cd ca'u bo may chinh quyen Gia<br /> - Huyen Thuan An (trade la tdng Binh<br /> Djnh thanh chaa that quy cu, dn djnh,<br /> Thuan); lanh 2 tdng Binh Cach, Thuan Dao<br /> phadng thiic td chiic quan ly mgt sd linh<br /> mdi dat (28).<br /> vac cdn kha ddn gian. Bdn tao, luc phbng<br /> Cac tra'n Bien Hoa, Djnh Tadng, Vinh thuoc hai ty Ik nhiing cd quan thvta hanh<br /> Thanh va Ha Tien deu cd tinh trang tadng thuoc cac linh vac khac nhau, dti dadc bd<br /> ta. Thd'ng ke tif Gia Dinh thdnh thong chi, tri theo each de lien he nd vdi hinh anh mot<br /> cd ca'u ddn vj hanh chinh cac ca'p d Gia "tieu trieu dinh", nhang giiia tao, ty,<br /> Djnh thanh sau nam 1808 gdm (Xem bang phdng, cac cd che phdi hdp, quy djnh v l<br /> 5) (29): thanh tra, giam sat hoat dpng chaa cd,<br /> So sanh cac con sd' tren vdi thdng ke hoac ne'u cd thi vai trd ciing chi md nhat.<br /> nam 1776 ciia Le Quy Ddn cang thay rd Ben canh dd, nguyen tac quan lai ca'p tra'n<br /> Td chtrc b6 may quin ly hanh chinh... 25<br /> <br /> <br /> dat dadi sa dieu khien trac tiep, nhan chi thdi vSn chju sa dieu hanh cua vien quan<br /> thj ttr Tdng tra'n, khdng dagc lien he thing dQng dau Hinh tao Gia Djnh thanh khi dd.<br /> vdi cac bo d trung adng ciing nha ta'u t n n h Thiem sa Hd bg Ngd Quang DQc giup viec<br /> VUdt ca'p len hoang de; ngutjfc lai, trieu dinh cho Nguyen Xuan Thuc d Hd tao, song van<br /> ciing chi lam viec vdi dja phadng thdng qua phai thac thi cac nhiem vu tai Binh tao do<br /> Tdng tra'n. Dieu dd cho tha'y sa lien he giQa Tham tri Tran Van Tuan phu trach!.<br /> luc bd d trieu dinh vdi nhiJng cd quan thiia<br /> Tren phadng dien quan ly, each thQc bd<br /> hanh 6 phdng, nhat la vdi ca'p tra'n kha han<br /> tri "lien thdng" giQa cac tao tai Gia Djnh<br /> che.<br /> thanh nha vay dadng nha de tiet giam,<br /> Quy trinh tuyen chon, bd tri nhan sa, song thac ra lai cho tha'y tinh chaa quy cu,<br /> each thiic biet phai quan lai trj nham tai dn djnh cua td chQc bg may, nhan sa. Tham<br /> Gia Djnh ciing cd khdng it bat cap. Ngay tii tri, Thiem su cung nha nhieu nhan vien luc<br /> nam 1813, khi lap bdn tao thuoc Thanh, bg khac cd the dadc dieu chuyen, nham<br /> Tham tri hoac Thiem si,l dadc dieu phai tii linh mgt hoac hai tao khdng thudc bd vien<br /> luc hg cd the ddng thdi nam giQ mgt hoac quan nay. Cung vi the, trong dieu hanh xQ<br /> hai tao. Nhieu Tham tri, Thiem sa dadc ly cdng viec nha mdn ciia cac tao, phdng,<br /> giao quan linh cac tao khdng diing vdi bd nhieu tradng hdp do kiem nhiem, quan linh<br /> vien quan dd. Chang han, nam 1813, Ta nen khd cd the tim thay sa phan djnh chQc<br /> Tham tri Cdng bo Nguyen Khac Thieu lanh nang, quy trach nhiem mdt each ranh rot.<br /> Cdng tao kiem ly Ho tao, HQu Tham tri 0 khia canh khac, da'u a'n, anh hadng tQ<br /> Hinh bg Le Ba Ph^m lanh Hinh tao kiem ly md hinh td chQc chinh quyen quan si,l la<br /> Binh tao, Han lam thj tha Nguyen Cdng mgt dac diem de nhan tha'y trong bd may<br /> Djnh lam Thiem svl Hd bg, Han lam vi$n quan ly hanh chinh Gia Djnh. Sudt thdi ky<br /> Le Hy lam Thiem si,J Binh bg, sung lam Gia Djnh thanh, tQ Tdng tra'n - ngadi nam<br /> cdng viec hai tao Hg, Binh (31). Nam 1820, giQ quyen lac cao nhat cho den Phd Tdng<br /> la'y HQu Tham tri Binh bd Nguyen Xuan tra'n, Hiep Tdng tra'n, Tra'n thii... phan<br /> Thuc linh Cdng tao, Hg tao Gia Djnh, nhieu xuat than tQ vd quan. Chinh vi nam<br /> Thiem si,l Hinh bg TrSn HQu Chau lam giQ nhQng vj tri quan trgng trong h$ thdng<br /> bi^n 1^ Hinh tao, Cdng tao, Thiem si,r Hg bg chinh quyen, vd quan trd thanh the lac cd<br /> Ngd Quang DQc bien ly Hg tao kiem bi$n vai trd, anh hadng ra't ldn. Le Van Duy^t -<br /> Binh tao (32). Nam 1821, la'y HQu Tham tri ngadi giQ chQc Tdng tra'n Gia Djnh thanh<br /> L^i bg Tr£n Van Tuan linh hai tao Binh, hai iSn la tradng hdp dien hinh.<br /> Cdng; HQu Tham tri Hd bd Nguyen Xuan<br /> Tdng tra'n la ngadi nam trong tay cd che<br /> Thyc Unh Hg tao (33)...<br /> quan ly va thac thi quyen lac ra't rgng, gom<br /> Cach thQc bd dung, bd' tri nhan sQ nay cac khau tQ ca't nhac, bd dung, bai mien<br /> khien cho quan he giQa cac ty, phdng, tao, quan lai thudc cap, chi huy dieu dgng quan<br /> cung nha giQa quan lai Gia Djnh thanh ddi, giai quyet cdng viec thadng ngay... The<br /> phQc tap hdn. Trd lai vdi danh sach nhan lac, anh hadng cua vien Tdng tra'n khdng<br /> sa bd nhiem trong hai nam 1820, 1821 tren qua khd de cd the vadt ra khdi t^m kiem<br /> day, se tha'y mgt loat nhQng quan h^ k6p. soat ciia trieu dinh. Mat khac, quyen han<br /> Trfin HQu Chau la thuge ca'p dadi quyen to ldn dd de trd thanh manh da't thuan lgi<br /> cua Nguyin Xuan Thyc d Cdng tao, ddng de dung dadng y dd gay dang thanh the,<br /> 26 Rghien cixu Lich sit. s6 2.2010<br /> <br /> <br /> cat cQ q u y e n l a c ciia vien q u a n t r j n h a m k h d n g t h e t r a n h k h o i sQ chi phoi, t h a o t u n g<br /> " t h e n h t h a n g m g t coi" xa each t r i e u dinh. c u a vien T d n g tra'n q u y e n l a c .<br /> Ddn cQ t r a d n g hdp, n a m 1821, t r o n g mgt<br /> N h Q n g d i i n bie'n t r e n day, mgt m a t ,<br /> lan, Tdng tra'n Le V a n D u y e t t h a u n a p 219<br /> p h a n a n h d u n g t i n h h i n h , t h a c lac ciia<br /> n g a d i t u y e n chgn t r o n g so' con em q u a n lai<br /> c h i n h q u y e n t r i e u N g u y e n k h i dd. M a t<br /> Gia Djnh, bd vao cac chQc vu *^anh c h i n h<br /> k h a c , la b i e u h i e n c u a s a d u n g hoa, "chia<br /> dja p h a d n g (34). Viec c h e n lua n a y cho tha'y<br /> se" q u y e n lac, t r o n g d i e u k i e n n a n g iQc so<br /> rd s a chi phdi b i i q u a n he ca n h a n giQa<br /> vdi m o n g mud'n c u a chfnh q u y e n t r u n g<br /> ngadi t h a m gia t u y e n chgn vdi Tdng tra'n.<br /> a d n g cdn cd k h o a n g each c h a a t h e khac<br /> Ke't q u a t u y e n l a a da k h d n g t r a n h khdi viec<br /> p h u c . Song, ne'u t i n h t r a n g n a y tdn t a i<br /> n g a d i n a m giQ q u y e n lac dja p h a d n g c h u<br /> khdng kiem soat hoac kiem soat k6m hieu<br /> yeu dadc chgn tQ n h Q n g n h a n v a t cd q u a n<br /> q u a , nd k h d n g chi cdn l a n g u y cd t i e m t a n g ,<br /> h e m a t t h i e t vdi Tong tra'n h d n la vdi c h i n h<br /> m a se t r a c t i e p p h a d n g h a i de'n q u y e n iQc<br /> quyen t r u n g a d n g . R a n g budc giQa q u a n lai<br /> t r i e u d i n h . Vi t h e , M i n h M e n h d a chii dgng,<br /> Gia D j n h vdi Tong tra'n vi t h e se n g a y c a n g<br /> k h d n k h e o n h a n g c u n g k h d n g k e m quyet<br /> rd ret, s a u sac h d n so vdi t r i e u dinh,<br /> liet, tQ t h u y e n c h u y e n , t h a y t h e d a n n h a n<br /> Cd le, trieu N g u y e n sdm da n h a n r a sQ, cat g i a m sd' q u a n lai... Dd la nhQng chi<br /> "nguy cd" nay, cho nen, cac vj tri q u a n trong da'u b a o h i e u cho cudc t h a y ddi ldn lao sap<br /> trong bg m a y q u a n lai Gia Djnh t h a n h , viec diin ra. •, r . • ;, , ":i,ii i<br /> t h u y e n chuyen, cat n h a c n g u y e n tac deu<br /> p h a i thdng q u a t r i e u dinh. Song ro r a n g , (con nUa)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1), Vii Van Quan: Nam Bd - mgt so'vd'n de tie'p trong dia hat, cung vdi dudng sa xa g£n, nui song<br /> can thie't che qudn ly xd hgi, in trong: Lich sii nghien cho nao binh thUdng, cho nao hiem ydu, ve thanh<br /> ctJu va phitdng phap tiep can (Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa ban do, ch6p thanh bien ban, ghi chii ro rang de<br /> hoc Xin thil nha't De an khoa hoc xa hoi cS'p Nhk lam thanh trinh luc", 5 doanh tra'n liic nay vSn la<br /> nU6c: Qua trinh hinh thanh \k phat trien vilng da't Phien Tra'n, Tra'n Bien, Vinh Tra'n, Trfi'n Dinh va<br /> Nam Bo), Nxb, The gidi, Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 139, Ha Tien. (Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr.<br /> (2). Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thUc 115).<br /> luc, ban dich, tap 1, Nxb, Giao due, Ha Ngi, 2002, tr. (6). Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 617.<br /> 528.<br /> (7). Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 716.<br /> (3). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 523.<br /> (8), Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 716,<br /> (4). Trinh Hoai Diic: Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi,<br /> ban dich, Nxb, Tong hdp Dong Nai, 2005, tr. 115. Tuy (9). Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 120.<br /> nhien, theo Dgi Nam thUc luc, viec nay bat ddu vao<br /> (10), Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr, 739,<br /> nam 1802 (Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 487),<br /> (11), Dgi Nam thUc luc, ban dich, tap 2, Nxb.<br /> (5). Theo Gia Dinh thdnh thong chi, nam 1805,<br /> Giao due, Ha Noi, 2004, tr, 62.<br /> khi Gia Long lenh cho 5 doanh, tra'n cua Gia Dinh:<br /> "ke khao diy dii ve sU tich, cUdng viic, tho san (12). Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr. 873.<br /> T^ chtrc bp may quAn ly hanh chinh. 27<br /> <br /> <br /> (13). Noi cac trieu Nguyen: Khdm dinh Dgi Nam, chua'n theo n h u q u a n tra'n tii Nghe An trd ra<br /> Nam hgi dien sU le, ban dich, tap 2, Nxb, Thuan ddi iam Hiep tra'n, T h a m hiep, khong phai giii<br /> Hoa, Hue, 1993, tr, 259, nhiing chiic d a n h Cai ba, Ky luc va Hiep ly nhu<br /> trUdc" (Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sii le, tap 2,<br /> (14), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> sdd, tr. 137-138). Rieng tra'n Ha Tien ngay tCf nam<br /> sdd, tr. 257.<br /> Gia Long thii 10 (1811) da cho dat chiic Hiep trS'n,<br /> Trong khi d6, cung theo quy dinh nam 1808, so'<br /> De'n day thi ca'p tra'n cCing cac chCfc vu difng<br /> lUdng n h a n vien 6 cac cd q u a n tUdng iing tai Bac<br /> d i u tra'n d Bac t h a n h va Gia Dinh t h a n h da dUdc<br /> thanh la:<br /> thong nha't, chi con d mien Trung van ton tai 4<br /> (15). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr. 149. dinh dudi sii q u a n ly cua trieu dinh.<br /> <br /> Chile vu (24). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> Ty/ph5ng Cau Cai Thu Ban Cong sdd, tr, 160.<br /> ki hop hcrp<br /> Ty Ti thCra 220 (25). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> Phdng lai 1 1 2 40<br /> Ph6ng binh 2 2 4 80 sdd, tr, 161-162.<br /> Phbng hinh 2 2 4 80<br /> Ty HOH ihilta 214 (26). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr. 228,<br /> Phbng tiO 2 4 80<br /> Phbng \i 1 1 2 50 (27), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> Phbng cbng 1 1 2 70<br /> Cpng 7 9 18 400 434 sdd, tr. 164-165,<br /> <br /> (16). Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 2, sdd, tr, 227-228. (28), Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 121-<br /> 132,<br /> (17), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi dien sii le, tap 2,<br /> sdd, tr, 258-259. (29). Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 121-178,<br /> <br /> (18). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr. 918, (30), Nam 1776, theo thong ke ciia Le Quy Don<br /> trong Phu bien tgp luc, ddn vi h a n h chinh cac ca'p d<br /> (19), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> Nam Bo cd:<br /> sdd, tr, 260-261,<br /> Dinh/tra'n Phil Huy^n/chau Tong ThOn/xa/a'p<br /> (20), Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sU le, tap 2,<br /> Phien Tra'n 1 4 650<br /> sdd, tr, 261.<br /> TrSn Bien 1 4 320<br /> <br /> (21). Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sUle, t a p 2, Long H6 1 3 350<br /> <br /> sdd, tr, 261, Cpng 3 12 1.320<br /> <br /> (Xem Le Quy Don: Phu bien tgp tuc, ban dich,<br /> (22). Nam 1808, sau khi dat Gia Dinh thanh,<br /> Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 196-197),<br /> chClc quan diing ddu tra'n liic nay khong tha'y ch6p<br /> trong chinh sii, c6 le cho den trUdc nam 1810 v i n la (31). Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr, 873.<br /> cac chiic Luu thii, Cai ba, Ky luc. Nam Gia Long thii<br /> (32), Dgi Nam thiic luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr, 60.<br /> 9 (1810), trieu dinh khi dd mdi ban chi du: "Doi chiic<br /> Luu thu cac tra'n tii Quang Ngai ve Nam lam Trah (33), Dgi Nam thiic luc, t a p 2, sdd, tr, 115,<br /> thu" (Dgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr, 803),<br /> (34), Muc luc L, bdn trieu Nguyin, tap 2, Uy<br /> (23), Nam 1827, vua Minh Menh "chi du quan ban phien dich s\i heu, Vien Dai hoc Hue, 1962, tr,<br /> tra'n tam tii phSin tii tinh Quang Nam trd vao 28,<br />