Vài nét về quá trình hình thành của nhóm động từ trao-nhận trong Tiếng Nhật hiện đại

52<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Btfl<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> [NGOAI N G g VQl BAN NGU)<br /> <br /> VAI NET VE QUA TRINH HINH THANH<br /> CUA NHOM DONG TlT TRAO-NHAN<br /> TRONG TIENG NH^T HIEN DAI<br /> AN OVERVIEW ON THE FORMATION PROCESS OF "GIVE-RECEIVE" VERB<br /> GROUP IN MODERN JAPANESE LANGUAGE<br /> DAO<br /> <br /> THJ H 6 N G H.JJVH<br /> <br /> (ThS; B^i hgc Ngogi thuotig Hd Nfi)<br /> Abstract: "Give - Receive" is a group of verbs that characterizes the structure, semantics and<br /> pragmatics of Japanese linguistics. The use of this group reflects the features of agglutination<br /> and culture-rlcb of such language as Japanese. The formation and development of this verb<br /> group in modem Japanese language is closely related to the change of system " preferred to<br /> speak" of Japanese from ancient to modem times. The principles of causal inference and the<br /> speaker's views are important factors influence the order of priority in communication as well as<br /> the formation and use ofthe verb "given - received"<br /> Key words: Verbs of giving and receiving; honorific; preferential speech; point of view.<br /> 1. Dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tieng Nhft hifn tctlK, itadakxi. Trong jAgm vi ciia nghien cuu ve<br /> qud trinh hlnh thdnh nhdm dgng tft trao - nhan<br /> Dfng tft trao- nhgn (^^W0^<br /> la nhdm dfng chiing tdi chi dl c$p din 3 dfng tft co ban digc sir<br /> tft bilu hifn ^ n^Ta chuyin ddi mft v|t nao dd tft dyng d thi tiidng tiiudng la: - ^ 5 yaru, tamafiL, fz.<br /> T ^ O S tatematsuru, fc ^ ( i S tcanaharu.<br /> Nhung tren thuc tl, nhdm ^ n g tft du>5C sft dyng<br /> phi biln Id cdc ^ n g tft d dgng kinb ngft. Cde dfng<br /> tft d dgng kinh ngfl fc'^^tanu^<br /> fcT^oS<br /> tatematsuru; fc'^\'i'S> tamabam cflng dugc ehia<br /> lam 3 nhdm gilng nhu cdc dfng tii - ^ 5 yaru, <<br /> t l S kureru vk %ho<br /> morau ngdy nay. Tuy<br /> nhiSn, so viA 2 dfng tft dbn lai,<br /> tz.'^i'i.^<br /> tamaharu it dugc sft dyng trong ngdn ngfl ndi, vl<br /> vgy cd till ndi 2 dfng tft fc ^ ^ tome??/vd fcT S<br /> o ^ tatematsuru Id 2 dfng tft trung tam trong hf<br /> thong ddng tft trao - nb$n cua tioig Nhgt co. Hai<br /> dfng tft nay cung hogt ^ n g trraig cau vdi 2 chftc<br /> ndng. d ^ tft thyc vd dgng tft b l trg. Khi digc<br /> dung vdi vai trd dfng tft tiiyc nd khdng bilu 1h| sy<br /> kInh trgng ma chi don tbuin tbi hifn sy trao - nh$n<br /> v ^ cdn Idii dugc diing vdi vai trd dfng tft b l trg nd<br /> lgi khdng he mang n^&t trao- nhgn md chi bioi<br /> b i ^ sy koih trgng doi vdi cdc nhan vgt tham gja hfi<br /> tfiogi.<br /> <br /> ludn d ^ g vai trd quan tn^g trong be thong "cddi<br /> ndi uu tioi" cua tioigNhft"<br /> Vdi cddi hi»i nhu t i ^ khih ngfl bay Uka b i ^<br /> trao- nhgn deu Id bilu b i ^ cua hf tiling "each ndi<br /> uu tien".VI vfy qud trinh lilnb thdnh, biln doi cfla<br /> nhdm dfng tft trao - nhgn cflng theo quy ludt vd<br /> diiu dnh budng trye ti^ tft "cddi ndi uu ti^" ndi<br /> diung vd kinb ngft ndi ridt^. Sy ra ddi, binh tiianh<br /> vd phdt trial cua nhdm dfng tft ndy |didn anb qud<br /> trii^ "ty d i ^ chinh" trong lif tiling k&ih n ^ cfla<br /> ti^Nh^<br /> 3,1 Sfrbiin Mi cua hp thdng kinh ngdtrong<br /> <br /> Tsidxii ^ 1 2 ) cung cho idng, bieu lufn trao nhgn Id mft bf i^i^n khdng thi t h i ^ trong bf tiling<br /> "cddi ndi uu tiwi":" Trong suit qud trinh v§n dgng<br /> cfla f ^ n i ^ tft tiidi d d^ d ^ hifn d^ dkig vdi<br /> kinh ngfl, b i ^ hifn trao- nhdn trong tiing Nhgt<br /> <br /> Risho (2013) ciing chi ra mft so sy thay doi<br /> tnmg qud trinh phdt t r i ^ tft kfnh ngfl trong tiing<br /> Nhgt c l df^ doi ti^ Nhgt h i ^ d^. Khi so sanh<br /> kinh ngfl tnmg ti^g NhSt d - tc<br /> T S ' ^ S tomq/S/-tofemfl&urKlddoylutlk&ih;^<br /> qi^ #ih. Sy tdn kfiib dugc d^ vdo chfl till hdnh<br /> dfng thi dfng tft dugc sft dyt^ Id<br /> tz.'^^tanu^<br /> Ngugc 1^, nlu sy tdn kfnh hudng tdi dii tugng tilp<br /> nhgn Ihl dfng tft dugc lya d i ^ Id<br /> fcX'^'O^<br /> tatematsuru. Nhung trong tiing Nhdt hifn dgi nhdn<br /> tl quy ^nb sy dii l|p gjfla - ^ S yaru vd < f\t^<br /> kureru 1^ Id quan hf tiidn so (trong - ngosd). Ciing<br /> Id chu till cfla hdiih vi trao, cflng gifl chftc ndng cfl<br /> [diap Id chfl ngfl trong cdu, nhung cdn eft vdo sy<br /> d ^ gid mli quan bf cflng nhdm (trong nhdm) hay<br /> k h ^ nhdm (n^xii nhdm) cfla ngudi ndi md dgng tfl<br /> dugc sft dyng sd Id < H ' S kurvru<br /> hay^^yaru.<br /> 3.5. Svgia nhgp nhdm trao ~ nhpn eda ^ng<br /> tit 'f}& P morau<br /> Nbu dd bilt, xuat hifn diu tiSn trong nhdm<br /> dfng tft trao - nb$n Id dfng tft mang ngjua trao <<br /> t l S kureru. Bk duy tri vd bdo ^ nhdm dfng tft<br /> trao - n h ^ trong tiing Nhdt co, dgng tft tiep theo<br /> xuat b i ^ Id-^ 6 ;«ru tgo thdnh e ^ doi %) >OTT/kureru. E)ay Id sy tilp nii eiia (^p fc^^ - fcT<br /> ^ o S Uam/ii -tatemcOsurutiong,tiengNhgt co.<br /> Vin de phdt sinh sdm nblt trong nfi bf nhdm cfla<br /> cdc dgng tft trao - nhfn trong tiing Nhgt c l cung<br /> n b u t i ^ N b d t h i ^ ^ Id van de doi Ifp^Qaban<br /> thSn cdc dfng tft ding ngjua trao md khdng phd la<br /> ^ doi lgp gjfta y ngbia trao vd y n^ua nhfn. Do<br /> v§y, tiq) sau sy Toiat b i ^ efla dgng tft K. tl^<br /> kureru Id dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru md khdng phdi Id<br /> dfng tft mang yngjluanb^n hh^<br /> morau.<br /> £)fngtft ^ ^ '9 morau v ^ khdng phdi Id dfng<br /> tft dligc sft dyng vdi ^ ngjm nb^n. Iheo Ogjno<br /> p007),dfngtft h^O morau xuat hifn trong cae<br /> ^ ^ b ^ vdo tiidi Tnit^ dgi nhung lgi mang nglua<br /> "yfiu cau, mong muon". VI dy:<br /> <br /> 55<br /> <br /> ^mm (1268=^— 75 ^ ) # simm- 2007 tc<br /> i. 5 ] (Dan flieo Risho - 2013) (Cdontnd khdng<br /> bdo ^p, thgt khdng thi hiiu mi,-thl hifn mong<br /> mu^ )<br /> Dfng tft ndy dugc dimg vdi ngjm "nhgn" sau<br /> mgt qud trinh bien Sii vk ngbia, Idii net ngjm "ydu<br /> cau, mong muon" bj bu hda vk n6t ngbia "nhdn" trd<br /> tiidnh ngjua trung tdm. Qud trinh dfng tft ^ b 7<br /> morau Argc dua vdo sft dyng vdi y ngbia trao nhgn cd dugc li gjdi thdng qua sy pb^ trien thi<br /> khi&n nhudng B trong qud trinh bioi dii cfla hf<br /> filing kfnh ngfl nbu da tiinh bdy d phan tren. Khi<br /> tii^ df khiem nhudng, ty bg tti^ miiih dugc de eao<br /> thi ngucri ndi phdi xuat hifn trong cufc tho^ vdi vm<br /> trd cfla diu the hdnh dfng. Sy gja nhSp nhdm traonhgn cfla dfng tft t CJ 9 morau ptikn krh qua<br /> trinh b i ^ doi i^jm cfla tft nhdm thda man dieu<br /> ki^ndy.<br /> 36. Tinh da chde ndng eda edc ^ng tdtrao nhpn<br /> Cdc dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tiing Nhgt Id<br /> nhftng ^ n g tft hogt dfng trong cau vin 2 chftc<br /> ndng: chftc ndng Id mft dfng tft tiiyc(^$^^ vd<br /> chftc nang Id dfng tft bo trg (^^W0!).<br /> Sy phdt<br /> t r i ^ cfla till lidi sy vd tbi Idiiem nhudi^ B dugc<br /> phdn dnh tiyc tilp vdo vifc loilt hifn dfng tft dau<br /> ti&i < i x 6 kureru, dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru<br /> vkhhV<br /> morau. Cung vdi sy mit din cfla till khiem<br /> nhudng A, dgng khih ngfl dugc thi hifn bdng ket<br /> clu " d ^ tft thyc + dfng tii bl tn? knib ngft 1 +<br /> d ^ g tft lid bv kinh ngft 2" khdng cdn &igc sft<br /> dyng vdi myc dich till hifn sy kfnh trgng doi vdi<br /> cac nhdn vft tiiam gja hfi thogi. Tuy nhioi, sy mat<br /> £ cfla kit clu ndy dugc thay the rang m ^ binh<br /> tilde bieu hifn I d ^ . Dii vdi cdc dfn^ tft trao nhgn, tfnh da diftc ndng chMi Id mft bdng diung<br /> till hifn sy tiiay dii ndy. Tuy nhidn, khde vdi dgng<br /> kmh ngft tii^ thudng chiic ndng mdi i^iat sinh<br /> cua cdc d ^ tft trao nhgn dugc sft dyng i^idm bilu<br /> thi quan hf on buf.<br /> D ^ g tft trao - n h ^ vdi chftc ndi^ Id dfng tft<br /> fliyc. Vi dy:<br /> :km^1^^\^'^^-^of^(Jato<br /> t$nghoaHanako).<br /> £)fngtirtrao - nb^n vdi chftc ndng Id dfng tft bo<br /> tn?. Vidy:<br /> MUm^PK'^I^^W^X'^ofz<br /> (Taro mm boa tgng Hanako).<br /> <br /> 56<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G<br /> <br /> Dong tir trao - nhan voi chuc nSng la dgngtiibo<br /> tro Kp. Vi du:<br /> Mi^^^Kl^in-sX-^-D<br /> X < iXfc(Taiio da mua hoa tgng Hanako gii!ip tfii).<br /> Dpng tuf trao - nh|n vdi chiic nang la dOng tir<br /> bo tn? cho chinh d^ng tir trong nh6m. Vi dy:<br /> :km>1t^i^1ti'¥-o<br /> X < nfcCTaro da<br /> tang hoa tang Hanako giup toi).<br /> T < ^ f c ( Hanako da nhgn hoa cua TaiD giup toi).<br /> C6 Ihl Ijm IhAy cac vl du chimg minh khA nSng<br /> ket hpp k ^ the hi$n tinh da chuc n ^ g ciHa c ^<br /> dOng tir trao - nlian trong cac vSn tian tmoc ddy nliu<br /> trong cuong ngon va mpt so tac pham Ihcri c|n dgi.<br /> DSng tiT thuc+ddng tir h6 tic?. Vf dy:<br /> <br /> t>* i:hbi-X i V ^.S.fc Jx if fc<br /> ( \i^\..ii^: