Vai trò của mạng lưới họ hàng lấy cá nhân làm trung tâm trong hoạt động kinh tế ở nông thôn hiện nay

NghiSn ctiu<br /> Gia dtinh vk G i 6 i<br /> S6 S - 2012<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Vai trd cua mang iu6i ho hdng Id'y cd nhdn Idm<br /> tmng Idm trong hoai ddng Mnh td'A nong Ihfin hien nay<br /> <br /> Mal van Hai, Ngo Th( Thanh Quy<br /> Vien X9 hdi tipc<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tom tat: B6i viet dU6i ddy Id k^t qua cua mot nghien cflu nho<br /> duoc ti^n hdnh trong khoang thdi gian ifl nftm 2007 den nSm<br /> 2009 d ldng Duy Tdc, xd Giao Tan, huyen Giao Thuy, tinh Nam<br /> Dinh dua trSn ccf sd 1^ thuyet vi "m^ng lu6i ho hang Ifi'y ca nhdn<br /> Idm trung tam, nhdm tim hi^u vai trd cua mang lUdi nay trong<br /> cac hoat dong kinh te d nong thon hi^n nay. Nghien cflu cho<br /> tha'y, trong cac hinh thflc liSn k^t lam kinh t^d Duy TSc, mang<br /> ludi ho hdng Id'y ca nhdn Idm trung tSm co vi tri vk vai trd dac<br /> biet quan trpng, giup nhau x6a ddi giam ngheo. cai thien cuoc<br /> song trong boi canh cua nin kinh te thi trUdng, trong dd quan he<br /> gifla cac thdnh vien thupc dong hp ndi cua ngudi 1dm trung tam<br /> la noi trpi nh&'t, tifi'p de'n la ddng ho cua bgn vd/ben chong ngUdi<br /> lam trung tfim, r6i mdi de'n cdc quan h^ ho hang khac. Tuy<br /> nhien, tdm boat dong vupt ra khoi pham vi Ifing xa cua cac to<br /> chflc ndy da gay ra khong it khd khSn cho ca ndi di va ndi den.<br /> Tac gia cho rdng sU lien ket kinh te ndy dfl con mang tinh tu<br /> phat song Id mot lu^n cfl khoa hpc quan trpng cho cac nha quan<br /> ly va hoach dinh chinh sach trong chi^n lUpc xay dUng nong thon<br /> mdi d nudc ta hien nay.<br /> <br /> Tii khda: Mang ludi hp hdng; Quan he gia dinh; Kinh te gia<br /> dinh; Lien ket kinh te.<br />  Mai Vfin Hai & Ngd Thj Thanh Quy 43<br /> <br /> 1. Khai niem "mang ludi hp hang lay cd nhan lam trung tam"<br /> <br /> 6 Viet Nam, khi ndi de'n he thdng ho hdng than tpc, ngudi ta hay k^<br /> d^n hai md'i quan he ca bdn, dd Id: ddng hp theo huytft thd'ng (tflc hp ndi<br /> theo dang cha), gpi Id ihdn vk ddng hp qua hdn nhan (tflc hp ngoai theo<br /> dang me), gpi Id ihich. Cdc bac vua chfla cung ddc biet eoi trpng hai mdi<br /> quan he ndy, nhflng ngudi thudc hp ndi cua vua dupc gpi Id hodng thdn,<br /> cdn nhflng ngudi thude hp hdng ben me cua vua dupc gpi la qud'c thich.<br /> Su phan biet rach rdi nhu vay u-ude he't nhdm muc dfch Ihd phung id tien,<br /> gifl gin tdn thd'ng, sau nfla d^ dam bao ch^dd ngoai hdn trong nhung dan<br /> vi cd chung tde danh ca vi phfa bd Idn phfa me.<br /> <br /> Tuy nhien, n^u xem xdi vdn d^ dudi gdc nhin eua Nhan hpc va Xa hdi<br /> hpc, ihi hai md'i quan he thdn vd thich nhu vfla neu lai chua du de' phan<br /> anh cac md'i quan he hp hang vdi tu each Id mdt hien lupng xa hdi dang<br /> van hdnh trong cupc sd'ng. Nha nhan hpc R. Fox, trong cdng irlnh Kinship<br /> and marriage: an anthropological perspective, cho rdng trong cac xa hdi<br /> phflc he, khi ndi de'n hp hang cua bd't ky ngudi ndo thi ndn Idy chfnh ngudi<br /> dd lam trung tam trong su tuc^g tdc da chi^u d^ phan tfch, han la chi can<br /> cfl vao md'i quan hd theo huye't thd'ng (R. Fox, 1967). Mpt nha nghien cflu<br /> khac la Luang Van Hy, khi tim hie'u ve quan he ddng hp d Viet Nam cung<br /> cho biet hp hang d ngudi Viet ehf ft bao gdm hai khudn mdu: khudn mflu<br /> theo ddng nam va khudn mdu khdng theo ddng nam (Fleur Thomese,<br /> Nguyin Tua'n Anh, 2007). Xudt phai ifl ihtic tien dd, trong viec nghien cflu<br /> vi gia dinh vd ddng hp, mdt khai nidm mdi da dupc hinh thanh, gpi Id<br /> "mang ludi hp hang Idy ea nhdn lam trung tdm (Ego - Contured kin net-<br /> work; Reseaux ego - centres famlliaux)". So dd 1 dudi day giup chung ta<br /> hinh dung v^ cdu trflc mang ludi ndy.<br /> <br /> Theo so dd 1, khi mdi ea nhdn (ego) dupc gpi Id "trung tam", thi ea<br /> nhan dd ed d^n 5 mdi quan he hp hang ti^m tang nhu sau:<br /> 1. Quan he vdi nhflng ngudi thdn thupc ben ndi (ddng hp cua bd'), trudc<br /> he't la bd me, cae anh ehi em rudt eua ego va con cdi ciia hp. Quan he ndy<br /> cdn cd them cdc bac, cae ed, cdc chu Id anh em rudt cua bd (tflc nhflng<br /> ngudi cdn huyd't), thflm chf cd the' md rpng ddn nhung ngudi da each vdi<br /> bathe'he.<br /> 2. Quan he vdi nhung ngudi thudc ben ngoai (ddng hp cua me), cu th^<br /> la dng ba ngoai, rdi cac bdc, cdc cflu, cac di (tflc cae anh chi em rudt ciia<br /> 44 Nghl*n cflu Gia dlnh vk Gidi. QuyJn 22, t6 9, tr. 42>53<br /> <br /> <br /> So dd I . Cdu trflc mang ludJ hp hdng Ifiy cd nhan Idm trung Idm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1.D6nghQci!iangi/di 2.Hpngo9lcOangiidi<br /> Idm trung tdm (hQbtf) ldmlningtdm(hQme)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> S.HptMnggia(|uacdc 3.HpMnvarch6ngcda<br /> anti chi em niOl ciia ngirdi Idm trung tdm<br /> ngifdi Idm Irung tdm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 4. Ho thOng gia qua cdc<br /> con ddu, r^ ciia ngudi<br /> Idm tmng tdm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> me) cung vdi vp/ehdng vd con chdu cua hp.<br /> 3. Quan he vdi nhflng ngudi thudc ddng hp bdn chdng, hoflc ben vp cua<br /> ego. Trong md'i quan he ndy, ne'u ego Id nfl, duang nhien chi phai cd quan<br /> he khdng th^ tdch rdi vdi hp hdng ben chdng - nhu bd me chdng, cdc anh<br /> chi em rudt cfla chdng vd con cdi cua hp. Cdn nd'u ego Id nam, Ihi chf ft<br /> anh cung cd quan he gdn bd vdi nhChig ngudi rudt thit thudc ddng hp cua<br /> vp - nhu bd me vp, cdc anh chi em rudt cua vp vd con chdu cua hp.<br /> 4. Trong trudng hpp eon chdu cua cd nhdn Idm trung tdm (ego) da dupc<br /> dung vp ga ehdng, ego cdn thie't lap nen cdc mdi quan he mdi - dd Id hp<br /> hdng thdng gia, trong dd chu y^u Id gia dinh gdc cua cdc chdng r^ hay<br /> ndng ddu cua hp.<br /> 5. Ngodi ra, ndu ca nhdn Idm trung tdm (ego) cd cdc anh chi em rudt,<br /> khi cac anh chi em ndy lap gia dinh rieng, dfl mud'n hay khdng, ego cung<br /> cd Ihem edc md'i quan he day mo re md vdi gia dinh vd ddng hp cua cdc<br /> anh em r^ hoac cdc chi em ddu dd.<br /> Cac nhd nghidn cflu cho rang cdc quan he hp hdng Id'y cd nhan lam<br />  Mai Vfin Hai & Ngd Th} T h a n h Quy 45<br /> <br /> <br /> trung tdm da lao thdnh mdt mang ludi xa hdi sdu rpng, ddng thdi cQng la<br /> nai luu gifl cdc ngudn vd'n xa hdi quan Irpng trong mdi trudng sdng ciia<br /> mdi ngudi - ba't luan dd Id nam hay nfl, gid hay tr^, gidu hay nghdo. Thdng<br /> thudng mang ludi ndy tdn lai uong ddi sd'ng xa hdi. nhd't Id uong Idm tu<br /> tinh cam cua con ngudi nhu mdt ki^u loai vdn hda phi vai Ih^, song mdi<br /> khi dupc chu ddng khai thdc vd sfl dung ihl nd lap tflc thflc ddy, vdn hdnh<br /> vd cd ldc ddng rdt manh me u-ong ddi sdng hien thuc. Dfl chi dua trdn ca<br /> sd dao dflc, md cu th^ Id su tin cay, trach nhiem vd ldng mong dpi Idn nhau<br /> chfl khdng cdn d^n bdt cfl mdt thu lue phdp ly ndo, nhung mang ludi ndy<br /> cd th^ ehuy^n hda cdc ngudn vd'n xa hpi thdnh vd'n tai chfnh, vd'n van hda<br /> phuc vu cho cac muc tidu phat tri^n. Cung chfnh vi vdy, mdt cudc khao sdt<br /> xa hdi hpc mang ten "Todn cdu hda vd ban sdc ldng Viet d midn Bdc", do<br /> Quy Phdi uie'n Khoa hpc vd Cdng nghe Qude gia tdi trp, da dupe thuc hidn<br /> tfl nam 2007 - 2009 nhdm van dung nhflng tri thflc nay d^ llm hl^u vi<br /> mang ludi hp hdng Idy cd nhfln 1dm trung idm d mdt ldng xa cu th^.<br /> <br /> 2. Ddl net ve dja ban, thdi gian va phUdng phap nghien cufti<br /> <br /> Cudc nghien cflu dupc tie'n hdnh tai lang Duy Tdc, xa Giao Tan (xa nay<br /> gdm cd 4 lang la Duy Tdc, Qudn Lpi, Hiet Cu va Dich Gido), huyen Giao<br /> Thuy, tinh Nam Dinh. Day la mdt dia bdn ven bi^n thudc chau th6 sdng<br /> Hdng, each thdnh phd Nam Dinh khoang 40km vi phfa Ddng, each Ha<br /> Ndi khoang 80km ve phfa Ddng - Nam.<br /> Ldng Duy Tde Id mdi lang thudc vung .sdu. vung xa cua Nam Djnh. Vao<br /> then die'm bat dau cfla cudc nghien cflu, Duy Tac cd 600 hd gia dinh vdi<br /> 2100 khdu, uaing binh mdi hd ed 3,5 khdu. Trong tdng sd 2100 nhan khdu<br /> ciia ldng, cd 10% la can bp vd gido vidn, 90% cdn lai la nong dfln vdi 220<br /> mdu (Bdc BO) ddt canh lac, trfl cdc loai da't cdng du ufl, mdi khau dupc<br /> chia 1 sao de san xudt. Ddn nay, dfl da cd 6 mdy cdy, Irong ldng vfln cd ddn<br /> 20 hp gia dinh nudi trflu bd d^ cdy keo. Ben canh ndng nghiep, Idng nay<br /> edn cd thdm cac nghe phu nhu xdy dung (mdc + ni), budn ban vat lieu xay<br /> dung, eung flng vat tu nPng nghiep, vfln tai hdng hda (bang 6 td), xay xat<br /> thdc gao, nudi ong Idy mdt, v.v...<br /> Cung gidng nhu nhilu lang xa khac d chflu thd sdng Hdng. d Duy Tac<br /> cd nhidu dong ho khac nhau (dday id 18 ddng hp) ciing sinh sd'ng. Trong<br /> sd dd, hp Nguyen la Idn nhfl't (chie'm 150 hd), tie'p de'n la hp Doan (100<br /> hp), hp Vu (70 hd), cdn cdc hp khac nhd han, chi dam bay hd. Hien nay,<br /> lang da cd didn Ihdp sang, 70% sd hd cd xe may, 45% cd dien thoai de<br /> 46 NghlAn cflu Gia d(nh va Gldl. Quy^n 22, sd' 5, tr. 42-53<br /> <br /> <br /> bdn. 15% cd di^n thoai di ddng, 90% cd tivi mdu (cd gia dinh cd de'n 2<br /> cdi). Vi mflc sd'ng. cd Idng cd 20% hO gidu, 11% hd nghfeo, sdcdn lai cd<br /> mflc sdng irung binh. Duy Tdc dupc xfifp vdo loai ldng cd mflc sdng trung<br /> binh cfla xd, cfla huy^n vd cd cfla tinh.<br /> Trong nhflng nam gdn ddy, do tinh trang ddt chdt. ngudi ddng, ihifu<br /> viec 1dm (sdn xudt ndng nghiep chi difin ra cd 2 thdng trong ca ndm) nfin<br /> ngudi ddn Duy Tdc ra di khdp nai irong ca nudc d^ tim viec Idm, kitfrn<br /> them thu nhdp. C:ic cudc ra di nhu vay thudng dugc td chflc thdnh limg<br /> nhdm nhd, trong dd cd mdt ngudi ddng vai ird Id ngudi khdi xudng.<br /> Nhung, gidng nhu mdt phdn flng ddy chuyen, nhOtig ngufirt d lai Idng cung<br /> thudng id chflc nhau lai quanh mdt ngudi ndo dd d^ Idm an - nhu cdc i6<br /> chflc nudi cd nudc la, cdc nhdm sang nhupng rudng dtfi, cdc phudng vdng,<br /> phudng uen, v.v... Cd the' ndi, tdt ca cdc nhdm, id, phudng d^u la nhflng<br /> tdp hc^ ngudi Iham gia mdt cdch tu nguyen. dua trdn co sd cua cdc mtfi<br /> quan he xa hdi gdn gui nhu hp hdng. Idng gi^ng, bfe ban. v.v...<br /> Nhdm liep cdn cdc hoai ddng kinh t€ - xa hdi dang didn ra tai Duy Tdc.<br /> cudc nghien cflu dupc litfn hdnh trong khoang ihdi gian ifl 2007 d^n 2009,<br /> Irong dd hai nam ddu ddnh cho viCc khao sal diin da; mdi nam 2 dpi. mdi<br /> dpi tfl 7 de'n 10 ngdy.<br /> Vd thu thdp thdng lin, ngodi viec nghe bdo cdo vd khai thdc cdc ngudn<br /> sd lieu thdng ke do dia phuang cung cdp, cdc idc gia chfl yfu sfl dung<br /> phuang phdp phdng vdn sdu cd nhdn vd mdt phdn ndo dd Id phucmg phap<br /> quan sdt tham du. Vdi phuang phdp ddu, di^u tra vidn llm gap cdc thdnh<br /> vien cua cdc id, nhdm, phudng dang hoat ddng 6 ldng do phdng vdn Uiic<br /> titfp. (Tdc ihdnh vien ndo do Idm dn xa khdng cd mai tai Idng ihl phdng v&n<br /> gidn tie'p qua nhflng ngudi thdn cua hp, cung cd Uirdng hop dupc phdng<br /> vd'n qua dien thoai di ddng. Cdn d phirang phdp sau, vide an d ngay tai nha<br /> cua cdc thdnh vien cung nhu viec Iham du cdc budi sinh boat cua cde id<br /> chflc ndy da giup cho nhd nghien cflu khdng chi ndm vflng cac mdi quan<br /> he xd hdi cua tflng Ihdnh vien, md ca cdc ly do khie'n hp tham gia vdo uong<br /> mdi td chflc.<br /> Nhin chung, id'l ca cdc td, nhdm, phudng dupc chpn Idm dCTi tupng<br /> nghien cflu ddu da ra ddi vd tdn tai qua hdng chuc nam, thdm chf vai chuc<br /> nam. Tuy nhien. do tfnh chdt that thudng cua cdng viec, cung nhu hoan<br /> canh rieng cua tflng thdnh vien tham gia, nen quy md cua mdi td chflc ludn<br /> cd su thay ddi; di^u ndy ddi hdi cdc sd lidu cdn phai dupc cap nhdt trong<br />  Mai Vfin Hai A Ng6 Thi Thanh Quy 47<br /> <br /> tflng thdi di^m cu Ih^. ViCc xfl li? ngudn sd lieu ndy dupc thuc hien theo<br /> nguyen ldc: d mdi id d^u \&y ngudi lam uning tam lam u-uc ddi chieu, sau<br /> dd Idn lupt Idy tflng thdnh vien cfla id d^ xdc dinh quan he xa hdi cfla hp.<br /> Ke^t qua xfl ly cho thdy mdc dfl d mdi td chflc cu Ih^ cd Ih^ khuyft di mdt<br /> vdi quan he ndo dd, nhung sd lieu ldng hpp d mdi loai hinh id chflc (nhu<br /> nhdm xdy dung, nhdm !dm dich vu...) d^u cd ddy dfl td'l ea edc mdi quan<br /> he v^ hp hdng nhu da neu (xem Phu luc).<br /> <br /> 3. Ket qud nghien cufU<br /> <br /> Nhu da ndi, tfl ngdy ddi mdi de'n nay, d ldng Duy Tdc da hinh thdnh nen<br /> nhi^u kie'u loai td chflc kinh te khdc nhau. Su ra ddi cfla cdc id chflc xa hdi<br /> ndy, v^ Ihuc chdt, td bi^u hien sinh ddng cfla vide tdi cdu trflc cdc hoat<br /> ddng kinh le'd ndng thdn Irong bdi canh cua mdt xa hdi dang chuye'n ddl.<br /> Trong dd mang ludi hp hdng Id'y cd nhdn Idm trung tflm da trd thanh chd<br /> dua tin cdy cho cac qud uinh lien ke'l mdi v^ kinh td, chang han, lien ke'l<br /> vi nghi nghiep (nhu nhdm xay dung), Hdn ke't de' tim kie'm cdng an viec<br /> 1dm (nhdm Idm dich vu d Hd Ndi), Udn kdt 1dm tin dung ddn gian (phudng<br /> vdng, phudng li^n...). Dudi day xin ddn ra mdt s6 uudng hpp lieu bilu.<br /> <br /> 3.1. Nhdm xdy dung<br /> Vao Ihdi diim thang 9/2008. d Duy Tdc cd tdt ca 13 nhdm xay dung<br /> (mdc + ni) dang hoat ddng, irong dd cd 3 nhdm hoai ddng lai lang, 10<br /> nhdm hoat ddng d nhilu tinh thdnh tren ca nudc nhu Cao Bang, Lang San.<br /> <br /> Bang 1. Quan he gifla cdc thanh vl^n trong nhdm xay dung<br /> <br /> <br /> Quan he ho hang lay ca nhan lani (rung tam QuaD he<br /> Tong Ho ciia Ho ngoai Ho ben Ho Ihong Ho thong ^""^^<br /> " ngiroilam (phia me) vo/chong gia qua gia qua ^ -"<br /> trung tam ciia ngutri nguoi lam cac con anh chi em<br /> (theohp lam trung Irung tam dau, re ruoI<br /> bo) tam<br /> <br /> Sfi ngudi 122 49 13 19 3 14 24<br /> %sov6i 100 41,1 10.6 15.5 2,4 14,-1 19,6<br /> ldng .sfi<br /> <br /> % Irong<br /> quui h£ ho l(K) 50.0 13,2 19,3 3,0 14,2<br /> hang<br /> 48 Nghltn cflu 61a dlnh vd Oldl. Quyft'n 22, id' 5, tr. 42-53<br /> <br /> <br /> Qudng Ninh, Hd Ndi. Ldm Ddng, Ddc Ldc... Gia dlnh cua cdc thanh vien<br /> trong cdc nhdm ldm dn xa nhd ndy cho bitfl. ban ddu chi cd mdi vdi ngudi<br /> ra di. sau thdy Idni dn dupc, hp mdi vi que Idy Ihem anh em ban be di<br /> cflng, di Idp thdnh nhdm. Cdn ndi ngay Id thdnh vien cua cdc nhdm di ldm<br /> an xa. de'n nay vdn la ngudi cfla ldng - bdi hp vdn gifl hd khdu d Idng. vp<br /> con hp sinh sdng lai Idng. hdng ndm hp diu vi ldng ba bdn bdn. Su ra di<br /> cfla hp khdng ngodi muc dfch Id kitfm tifin d^ nflng cao ddi sdng. Khi da<br /> kie'm dupc liin. hp dem lidn vd mua ddl vd xfly dung nhd cfla, chfl khdng<br /> di khdi Idng.<br /> Tdng hap vk phdn tfch quan he xS hdi cua cdc thdnh vien 6 13 nhdm<br /> ndy theo I^ Ihuy^l "mang ludi hp hdng Idy cd nhdn Idm irung lam", chung<br /> tdi thu dupc k^t qua nhu Bang I.<br /> Bang 1 vd nhflng phan tfch d trdn cho thdy trong su lien ke't d cdc nhdm<br /> xdy dung (mdc + ni), cdc mdi quan he hp hdng Idy cd nhdn Idm Uung tam<br /> gifl vai trd Idn han nhidu so vdi cdc quan he xdm ldng vd bfe ban (76% so<br /> vdi 24%). Rieng Irong quan he hp hdng, quan he iheo ddng ho ndi (theo<br /> ddng bd) cua ngudi Idm trung tdm Id quan trpng nhdt (50%). tiep d^n la<br /> ddng hp bdn chdng/ben vo cua ngudi lam U-ung lam (19.3%). sau dd Id cac<br /> quan he hp hang khdc. Dua vdo mang ludi hp hang nay. su phdt u-idn cac<br /> nghi mdc + nics Duy Tdc khdng dflng lai d cdp Idng xa. md cdn md rdng<br /> dia bdn ra nhidu nai tren pham vi ca nudc.<br /> <br /> 3.2. Nhdm ldm dich vu a Hd Noi<br /> Trong khoang thdi gian muoi mudi hai ndm gdn day. tai Duy Tdc da<br /> hinh thdnh nen cdc nhdm di lam an 6 dd Ihi hoac cdc khu cdng nghiep,<br /> nhdt Id d thu dd Hd Ndi. Ngudi ddu tien ra di theo kie'u ndy la ba T.TN, 50<br /> tudi, vo cua dng N.H.T. 6ngT. cho bie't. ban ddu bd N. di theo nhimg ngudi<br /> bd con d xa Xudn Vinh. huyen Xufln Trudng, cdch nha dng dam cay s6'.<br /> Nhung do lam an dupc, bd N. da tdch khdi nhdm Xudn Vinh. vi Idng keo<br /> theo mdt sd ngudi khdc de' Idp thdnh nhdm mdi. De'n nay, ldng Duy Tdc da<br /> hinh thdnh nen 5 nhdm. vdi khoang gdn 50 ngudi chuydn lam dich vu d<br /> Hd Ndi. Ra Hd Ndi, mdi nhdm diu thue nhd d vd thdi cam chung vdi nhau.<br /> Cdng vide chinh ciia phu nu Id thu mua phe' lidu, dd didn cu; dan dng thi<br /> lam xe dm. cuu van, giup ddp phd nhflng ngdi nha cu de' chu nhd xdy mdi.<br /> Cung cd nhidu phu nu trong nhdm dam nhiem cdc vai trd. md ngdn ngfl<br /> ddn gian gpi Id d-sin - tflc Id Idm cac cdng vide nhu cham sdc ngucn gia,<br /> nudi gifl tre nhd. lau chfli nhd cfla, v.v... Chflng tdi tam gpi tdp hpp ngUdi<br />  Mai Vfin H a i & N g d T h | T h a n h Q u y 49<br /> <br /> <br /> B a n g 2. Q u a n h e gifla c d c t h d n h v i e n t r o n g n h d m ldm dich v u<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Quan he ho hang \iy cd nhAn likm trung lAm Quan he<br /> Tong Ho cHa Ho ngoai Hp bin Ho thong Ho Ihong *?*" '*"8<br /> ^ ngudi bm (phia me) vo/chong gia qua gia qua ^^ ^''<br /> trung tim cua ngutri ngufri lilm cac con anh chi em<br /> (theo ho lim Irung trung lam diUiti moi<br /> bo) lam<br /> <br /> Sfingufii 44 11 4 10 2 16 11<br /> %sov6i KID 25,0 9,(1 22.7 4.5 13,7 25.1)<br /> Ifing sfi<br /> <br /> % Irang<br /> quan he ho 100 33,3 12,1 30,3 6.0 IS.l<br /> h^g<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> n&y la nhom lam dich vu 6 Ha N6i. So v6i nh6m xay dung, nhom lam dich<br /> vu CO hai dilu khac bi«. Thi} nhSt, nia nhu nguM dong vai trb la trung tam<br /> cua cdc nhom xay dung Aiu la nam gi6i, thi trong cdc nhom Ikm djch vu<br /> ngudi lam trung tam co ca nam lan niJ. Thii hai, n^u cac thanh vien trong<br /> cac nh6m xay dung Uung binh 3 - 4 thang mdi vi nha m6t 1^, thl thanh<br /> vien trong cac nhom dich vu thang nao cung vi. d nha dam ba bua lai di.<br /> <br /> Dac diim quan trpng u-ong su liln kit cua nh6m lam dich vu la ho<br /> thucmg xuyln lien he vdi nhau qua dian thoai di d6ng, mdt phuong tiln ma<br /> u-udc khi ra di hg chua tCmg diing dSn. Nlu mdt ngudi nao dd tim duoc<br /> cdng vile, ho lap tiic dung diln thoai thdng bao cho nhau, ddng thdi cung<br /> sii dung phucmg tien hiln dai nJy dl hen gid giSc va trao d6i gia ca vdi gia<br /> chu. Tuy nhim. cai lam nln su cd kit de cd thl tdn tai mdt cSch bin vOng<br /> qua hang chuc nam ciia cac nhom nay, theo ho, lai la cac quan h i xa hdi<br /> mang tinh ttuyln thdng - nhu 6 bilu thdng kl sau:<br /> Kit qua u-ln bilu 2 mdt ISn nua chi rd, trong su liln kit lam kinh t l<br /> giira cac thanh viln cOa cac nhdm lim dich vu b HS NCii, mang ludi ho<br /> hang liy ca nhan lam u-ung tam chilm ty 11 ap dao. Nlu tinh rilng uong<br /> cac quan hi ho hang thi ddng hg ciia ngudi lam trung tam cd ty II cao nha't<br /> (33,3%), tiep din la ddng hg bin vo/bin chdng ciia ngudi lam trung tarn,<br /> sau dd mdi din cac quan h i hg hang khac. Ro rang d day c4c quan hi hg<br /> hang, nhit la hg hang can huylt van giu vai trd cue ky quan trgng.<br /> 50 NghlAn cflU Gia dlnh va GI61. Quy^n 22, «d' 5. tr. 42-53<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang .1- Quan h< gifla cdc Ihdnh vien trong phudng vdng<br /> <br /> <br /> Quan h( ho hing Uy d nhin b m Injng Utii QUD be<br /> xomliog<br /> Ting H^ciJB Ho ngoai Ho bin Ho Ihong Ho Itiong<br /> tS ngufri Uim (phiamc) vo/chong gia qua gia qua<br /> Irung l i m ciianguM ngirirllim t i e con bdn nhan<br /> liheoho bin irung Iningtitn ikoM CDS anh<br /> \t6) tam chiem<br /> ru6t<br /> <br /> Sfi nguin 4i| IH II V 2 3 9<br /> %sovfii IIKI 36.7 IW l«.3 4fl 6.1 IO<br /> ififigsfi<br /> <br /> % irang<br /> quan ht ho 100 45.0 20,0 22.5 5.0 7,5<br /> hang<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3.3. Phucmg vdng<br /> Ngay tfl nam 1988, nghTa la ngay tfl ddu cua thdi kJ- Ddi mdi, b Duy<br /> Tdc da khdi phuc lai cdc hinh thflc tfn dung ddn gian md 6 thdi bao cdp,<br /> trudc dd khdng dupc phdp hoat ddng. Dd Id cdc phudng vdng vd phudng<br /> ti^n. Trong nghifin cflu nay, chung tdi chi tap trung khao sdt cdc phudng<br /> vang - VI phudng vdng cd tinh dn dinh cao, da tdn tai qua hdng chuc nam.<br /> trong khi cdc phudng tl^n, do ddng ti^n bi mdt gid. ndn su hoat ddng cda<br /> chflng cung khdng b^n qua cdc mdc t h ^ gian Ididc nhau.<br /> Nguydn tdc hoat ddng cua cdc phudng vdng Id: cfl 6 thdng mdi thdnh<br /> vidn ddng gdp mdt Idn, mdi Idn mdt chi. rdi bd'c thdm d^ ngirtri trflng tham<br /> nhdn td't cd sd vdng dd. N(fu Uong phudng cd ngutt gap khd khan thl ngudi<br /> trflng tham cd th^ nhudng lai cho ngutt dd quy6n trflng tham cua minh.<br /> Cdn sau dd. cfl theo vdn chfl cdi .A. B. C... d^ dd'n lupt nhdn vdng. Mdi<br /> ngudi, sau khi dupc nhdn. khi ddng gdp trd lai thi sd lupng khdng phai la<br /> mdt chi, md tang Ifin 1 chi 3. Nhu vay, tdng sd vdng sau mdi Idn ddng gdp<br /> cua cdc Ihdnh vifin se tang Ifin chiit it. Sd' ddi du ndy dupc su dung cho<br /> nhflng Idn hdi hpp hoac cdc viilc hidu hi cua phudng. Xet v^ ban chdt, ddy<br /> Id mdt hinh thflc tfch luy vd'n, rdi cho nhau vay vdi lai sudt thdp. Kl^u lam<br /> tfn dung dan gian ndy khd phd bi^n b ndng thdn Vidt Nam, nhd't la U^dc<br /> thdi bao cdp.<br /> <br /> COng gidng nhu edc nhdm xay dung hay dich vu, phflcftig vdng cung<br />  Mai Vftn Hai & Ngfl Thj Thanh Quy 51<br /> <br /> phai cd mdt ngudi Idm trung tam, cd Ih^ Id nam hoac nfl (gpi Id trflm<br /> phudng, hay Id ngudi dflng cdi) d^ tdp hpp cdc thdnh vidn. Ngudi ndy<br /> khdng chi cdn cd dao dflc, dupc bd con tfn nhidm, mdcdn cdn ca ndng luc<br /> de' di^u hanh cdng vide cua phudng. Cdn cdc thdnh vifin cung dupc tuy^n<br /> chpn trfin ca sd hp hdng, ldng gi^ng, hh ban. Ddng chfl ^ id, cdc thdnh vifin<br /> cua phudng khdng chi Id nhflng ngudi cd mat tai ldng, ma cdn bao gdm ca<br /> nhflng ngudi di lam an xa, trong dd cd kha nhi^u ngudi thudc cdc nhdm<br /> xay dung vd nhdm lam dich vu d Hd Ndi. Ld'y ngudi Idm trung tam Idm<br /> true d^i chie'u, chflng tdi tha'y cdc md'i quan hfi xa hdi cua td't ca cac thdnh<br /> vifin cua phudng vdng dupe thfi' hifin nhu sau:<br /> Kfi't qua trfin bi^u 3 da cho thdy quan he hp hdng Idy cd nhdn lam trung<br /> tam van chifi'm ty 16 cao han han so vdi cac quan hfi khdc (81,7% so vdi<br /> 18,3%). Rieng u-ong cdc quan he hp hdng, ddng hp ciia ngudi ldm trung<br /> tam chidm ty le cao nhd't (45,0%). ti^p dfi'n la ddng hp bfin vp/bdn chdng<br /> cfla ngudi ldm u-ung tam; cdc quan hfi hp hdng cdn lai cd ty Ifi thdp han<br /> nhidu. Nhu vay, cung gidng nhu b cdc nhdm xay dung va dich vu, ca sd<br /> cho su lifin kfi't d day vdn la mang ludi cdc quan hd hp hang, nhd't la hp<br /> hang can huye't.<br /> <br /> 4. May nhan xet sd bo<br /> <br /> 1. Trong cac hmh thflc lifin kfi't lam kinh td hifin nay d Duy Tdc (nhu<br /> uong cac nhdm xay dung, djch vu, phudng vang), mang ludi hp hang lay<br /> ca nhdn ldm trung tam cd vj trf vd vai trd dac bifil quan trpng, trong dd<br /> quan he gifla cdc thdnh vifin thudc ddng hp ndi ciia ngudi lam trung tam<br /> Id noi trdi nhd't, tifi'p ddn id ddng hp ciia bfin vpA>fin chdng ngudi Idm trung<br /> tam, rdi mdi dfi'n cac quan he hp hang khdc. Nhd mang ludi hp hdng ndy,<br /> ngudi dan khdng chi giup nhau phat mdn ngh^ nghiep, tim kid'm viec ldm,<br /> ma cdn cd thfi' tich luy theo ki^u tfn dung ddn gian di giai quyet nhirng<br /> cdng vide quan trpng trong san xud't va ddi sd'ng.<br /> 2. Mdi lien kdt kinh te giua cac thdnh vifin trong mang ludi hp hang ld'y<br /> ca nhan Idm trung tam, xet cho cung. khdng phai Id di^u gi mdi me, bai<br /> cac hinh thflc lifin kfi't ndy chfnh Id bi^u hifin cu the' cua tam ly cdng ddng<br /> da tdn tai tfl rd't lau ddi d nPng thdn Viet Nam trong Ijch sfl. Cai mdi d day<br /> la b chd, su Hfin kfi't nay khdng phai chu yfi'u difin ra tai ldng xa cua cac<br /> thanh vifin, ma dupc md rdng pham vi hoat ddng ra ngodi qufi huong ban<br /> quan, thdm chf den ca thu dd Ha Ndi vd nhieu linh thdnh trong ca nudc.<br />  SS NghlAn cflu QIa dlnh vd Qldl. Quyin 22, %6 S, tr 42-53<br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Dfl cdn mang tfnh tu phdt, .song rd rdng. sir lifin k^t theo mang ludi<br /> hp hdng Idy cd nhdn Idm trung ldm vfln dang cd vai trd khdng nhd u-ong<br /> cdc hoat ddng kinh t€b Idng xa. Si/ lifin kfift kinh t^theo mang ludi hp hdng<br /> Iffy cd nh&n ldm trung tdm dang di£n ra hi^n nay cd mat tfch cue td giijp<br /> nhau xda ddi glflm ngh^o, cdi thi$n cudc .sdng irong bdi cdnh cua nin kinh<br /> l€ thj trudng. Ddy Id mdt ludn cfl khoa hpc quan irpng cho cdc nhd qudn<br /> 1^ vd hoach djnh chfnh .sdch trong chie'n lupc xdy dung ndng Ihdn mdi 6<br /> nudc ta hifin nay - cu th^ Id cdc chfnh sdch cho vay vdn theo nhdm hp<br /> hdng, vi^c tfch tu vd sfl dung ru^ng ddl, vific ddu tu ky thudi vd dp dung<br /> cdng nghfi mdi, nhd't Id chfnh sdch tdi dinh cu theo cdc mdi quan hfi hp<br /> hdng thdn thfch. v.v.<br /> 4. Trfin binh difin khoa hpc, vific llm hiiu sir lifin ktfi iheo mang ludi hp<br /> hdng Idy cd nhdn Idm irung tam da dem lai cho chung ta nhflng hi^u bi^i<br /> khd todn difin v^ .sflc manh vd tfnh da dang cua cac mdi quan hfi hp hdng<br /> b ndng thdn hifin nay. Rd rdng, khi ndi vi quan hfi gifla cd nhdn, gia dinh<br /> vd ddng hp ma chi dflng lai b hai mdi lifin hfi co ban Id Ihdn (Iheo huye't<br /> thdng dang cha) vd thfch (theo hp ngoai ddng me), thl vd hinh chung<br /> chflng ta da ldm nghdo di ft nhi^u cdc mdi quan hfi hp hdng cd thuc dang<br /> vdn hdnh u-ong cudc sd'ng. •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Bdi vi^i irong khuPn khd d^ tdi 'Todn cdu hda va ban sdc ldng Vi^i a miin Bdc".<br /> do QuJ Phdt irie'n khoa hpc vi cPng ngh$ Qudc gia tdi in?.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tdi lieu tham khao<br /> FIcur Thom^sc. Nguyin 1\ia'n Anh. 2007. "Quan hfi ho hdng vdi vi«c ddn diln ddi<br /> Ihfla va sfl dung rupng ddl dudi gdc nhin vdn xa hpi cf mpt lang Bftc Tning<br /> Bd". Tgp chl Nghien citu Gia dinh vd Gidi, stf 4.<br /> Mai Vfin Hai. Phan Dai Doan. 2000. Quan hfddng hg d chdu thd sdng Hdng.<br /> Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Hd Npi.<br /> PhQipp Papin - Olivier Tessier chu bifin. 2002. Ldng d vitng chdu thd sdng Hdng:<br /> van di t im bd ngd. Trung lam Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhfin vfin qu6c gia. Ha N6i.<br /> John Kleinen. 2007. Ldng Viet ddl dien vdi tucmg lai hdi sinh qud khd. Nxb. Da<br /> Nfing, Dd Ndng.<br /> Nguyfin Tung (chii bien). 2002. Mdng Phu mdt Idng d dong bdng sdng Hdng<br /> Nxb. van hda - Thdng lin. Ha Npi.<br />  Mai Vin Hai & Ng6 Thj Thanh Quy S3<br /> <br /> io cfio ciia x5 Giao Tftn. Giao Thuy. Nam Dinh - do Ong Doin Vfln Cfln, Ph6<br /> chd lich UBND xa GiaoTfln Irtnh b»y trong H6i thio quSc liMfl sd'vdn dd<br /> ve xdy dimg ndng thdn mdi a Viil Nam hiiit nay. do Vi^n KHXH Viftt Nam<br /> li chile, Hil N6i, ngiy 8-9/11/2011.<br /> <br /> Phu luc: Sd' ngudi tham gia trong mang Iu6i ho hdng l&'y cd nhdn Idm<br /> trung tdm cua Idng Duy Tdc, A thM di^m thing 9/2008<br /> <br /> <br /> S6' Tong HQ ciia H9 ngoai Hpb^n Hp Ih6ng Hptlifii^ X6m<br /> IhA so ngudi lAiti (phfa v^/Mn gia qua gia qua i&ng,l]an<br /> IV tning ldm mc) ch6ng con cdi anil em bk<br /> niot<br /> I. 6 3<br /> 1 6 5<br /> 3. 5 2<br /> Nliom<br /> 4, iK 6<br /> xay 1<br /> dung<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T6ngs6 122<br /> Nhom 1. 10<br /> dich 7<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T^gsti<br /> <br /> Phufmg<br /> vang<br /> <br /> <br /> Tdng .stf<br />