Về quan điểm bất lịch sự của Jonathan Culpeper

NG6N NGC & Btn S6NG<br /> I N G Q N NGU" HQC<br /> <br /> VA VIET NGU'<br /> <br /> S6 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> HO^<br /> <br /> VE QUAN DIEM BAT LICH SV*<br /> CUA JONATHAN CULPEPER<br /> AN INTRODUCTION TO JONATHAN CULPEPER'S THEORY OF IMPOLITENESS<br /> PHAM TBI TUY^T MINH<br /> (ThS; Dai hpc Ngo^i thiromg H^ N$i)<br /> Abstract: This paper infroduces the main ideas in Culpeper's perception of impoliteness,<br /> including bis definition of impoliteness, two kinds of impoliteness (inherent impoliteness and<br /> mock impoliteness) and impoliteness strategies. This impoliteness framework is parallel but<br /> opposite to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness.<br /> Key words: impoliteness; definition of impoliteness; two kinds of impoliteness; impoliteness<br /> strategies.<br /> Imb vyc nghidn cftu da ngdnh. Tlieo dng, cac<br /> 1. M d d a u<br /> K I tft khi cuon sdch "Politeness: some ITnh vyc khoa hgc khdc nhu tam li hpc, xd h$i<br /> universals of language usage" (1979; 1987) ciia hpc, truyln thdng, nghidn cftu xung dpt, kinh<br /> P. Brown va S. Levinson ra ddi, lich su dd thu doanh, lich sft hay vdn hpc deu c6 lien quan den<br /> hut sy quan tam, tim bilu cua nhieu hpc gia, bat Ijch sy. Bat lich sy Id mdt van de mang tinh<br /> "trd thdnh mft trong nhftng van de dugc nghien chdt phftc hgp, da chilu. Trong bai vilt ndy,<br /> cftu nhilu nhdt eda ngft dyng hpc" [11, 536]. chung tdi tdp Irung trinh bdy nhtjng ndt eiiinh<br /> Trong hon ba muoi nam qua, li thuylt lich sy frong quan dilm cua Culpeper v l bat lich sy 6<br /> chd yeu tap trung vdo cdch thftc sft dyng cdc gdc dp hanh vi ngdn ngft, dd Id khai niem bat<br /> chiln luge giao tiep dl duy tri bay thuc day mli Ijch sy, hai kieu bat Ijch sy chinh va cac chien<br /> quan h? hod hpp giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi lupc bdt Ijch sy.<br /> trong xa hpi: (Vai trd cua nguyen tdc lich sy la)<br /> 2. Gidi thi^u n$i dung: bat l{ch sy<br /> "duy tri t r ^ g thai on djnh ve mat xa hpi va moi<br /> 2.1. D{nh nghta vi bat Ijch s^<br /> quan b? than thi^n tot d^p trong dd cho phdp<br /> Dua ra djnh ngbta ddy dii ve bat lich sy qua<br /> chiing ta gid dinh rdng ngudi doi tho^i cua Id mOt thft thach bdi, qua cdc bdi vilt vl bat Ijch<br /> chiing ta dugc bgp tdc ngay tft ddu" [9,82].<br /> sy cho thdy "khdng cd mpt sy thing nhdt nao vh<br /> Tuy nhidn, cdc cu^c giao tilp khdng phdi luc cdi gpi la bdt lich sy" [Dt 8, 21]. Li do don gi^<br /> nao ciing mang tinh hgp tdc, xung dpt vin Id vi, vi^c danh gid mpt hdnh vi ngdn ngft la Ijch<br /> khdng ngijmg dien ra. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, sy hay khdng lich sy phu tbu0c vdo rat nhi^u<br /> ngudi ndi lai "tan cdng" hon Id hpp tdc vdi ylu to trong do cd ngft ednh. Vi dy, hd hdt vil<br /> ngudi doi tho?ti. Do v^y, gan ddy, bdn canh Ijch ndi nbihig cau cd tinh chdt xue pham vdi mOt<br /> sy, cdc nha nghidn cftu bfit dau quan tdm hon ngudi gid sing trong m^t ngd nhd ydn ttnh cd<br /> din van de d ben cyc ben kia eda nd - bdt Ijch thi bj coi Id cyc kl bdt Ijch sy nhimg ciing phat<br /> sy ma nhu each ndi cua Sifanou (2010), ndm ngdn dy d giiia ddm ddng c l vii bdng dd cd the<br /> 2008 dupe coi la "ndm cfta bat lich sy" ("The l^i khdng nhu v^y. Ljcb sy phy thu^c rdt nhieu<br /> year of impoliteness") [12, 119]. E)d la ndm vdo cdch nlun nh|n ciia ngudi nghe vdi vi$c<br /> chftng kien sy xudt bi?n rihieu cdng trinh nghidn ngudi khdc ndi (lam) nbu thi nao vd mli quan<br /> cftu cd gid tri cua cac tdc gid nhu: Bousfield, b$ cija hanh dpng ndi vdi ngft ednh.<br /> Locher va Jonathan Culpeper. Jonathan<br /> Theo Culpeper ,"Hdnh vi bat lich sy xuat<br /> Culpeper la mpt trong nhftng cdi ten dugc nhdc hi§n khi: (1) ngudi ndi tdn cdng thi di?n m$t<br /> din nhieu bdi dng cd nhieu cdng trinh nghidn cdch c l ^, hay (2) ngudi nghe nhgn thftc dupe,<br /> cftu chuydn sdu ve ljcb sy, bdt lich sy. Ong de<br /> -..4t nghien cftu bat ljcb sy vdi tu each Id mOt<br /> <br /> cd thi cung dua ra hdnh vi tdn cdng tbi di?n<br /> mpt each c l S> hodc kit hpp cd (1) va (2)" [8,<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2Q16<br /> <br /> NG6N NGtr & Btfl S6NG<br /> <br /> 23]. Dinh ngbta ndy nhdn m ^ hai van dl trong<br /> quan ni§m ve bdt ljcb sy cua Culpeper. Thft<br /> nhdt, hdnh vi bdt lich sy xudt hi?n khi cd sy tdn<br /> cdng thi di§n. Thft hai, hdnh vi dy khdng ngau<br /> nhidn, vd tinh md ndm trong sy tfnh todn cua<br /> ngudi ndi (cl y). Hanh vi dy dugc ngudi nghe<br /> nh§n thftc, hp ed nhftng bilu bipn edm xdc tidu<br /> eye h o ^ dua ra hdnh vi tdn cdng thi di$n d l<br /> ddp frd. Nhu vdy, bit lich sy chi xay ra trong<br /> tuong tdc x3 hdi, khdng chi gidn dcm la nbOng<br /> gi ngudi ndi phat ra ma cdn phy thude vdo nh$n<br /> thftc cfta ngudi nghe. Tuy nhidn,sau m^t thdi<br /> gian, chinh Culpeper ty n h ^ thdy each djnh<br /> ngbia nay khdng hgp li, vi nd dd "ddng dinh"<br /> khdi nifm bdt Ijch sy vao khai ni$m " t ^ cdng<br /> thi di$n" [8, 23]. Cdch 1dm ndy chdng khdc nao<br /> vifc dijng khdi nifm (ma chinh nd cdn dang gdy<br /> tranh cdi) dl gidi thich khdi nifm vd cd tbi<br /> khdng bao quat dupe tat cd cac trudng hgp bdt<br /> ljcb su. Sau ndy, trong cuIn "Impoliteness using language to cause offence'^ (2011),<br /> Culpeper da dua ra quan nifm: Bdt lich sy la<br /> thdi dd tidu cyc dii vdi nhthig bdnh vi cy thi<br /> diln ra trong m^t ngft ednh cy till. Nd dugc duy<br /> tri bdi sy ki vgng, khat khao va O^^y) niem tin<br /> vdo mpt to chftc xd bfi, d$c bift Id cdch ngudi ta<br /> ddn xIp mdt cd nhdn hay nhdm trong cupe<br /> tuong tac. Cac hdnh vi dd dugc xem la tieu cyc<br /> - bdt Ijch sy khi chung mdu thudn vdi dilu<br /> ngudi ta kl vpng chdng nbu thi nao, muon<br /> chdng ra sao va nght chiing nen the ndo. Nhihig<br /> hdnh vi nhu v$y ludn cd (bay dugc thira n h ^ Id<br /> cd) gay ra mOt tdc ddng v l m^t edm xiic vdi it<br /> nhdt mpt n g i ^ tham gia, chung gay ra (bay<br /> dugc thira nhdn Id gdy ra) sy xiic pham. Cdc<br /> nhdn M khdc cd thi khiln miirc df xiic pham cua<br /> bdnh vi bdt Ijch sy tdng cudng thdm, vi dy nbu<br /> vifc ngudi nghe bilu hanh vi dd cd co y hay<br /> khdng" [8,23].<br /> Trong djnh ngbta mdi ndy, tdc gid da trdnh<br /> khdng dftng din khdi nifm **tihl difn". Mft m|it,<br /> dng vdn duy tri mpt so nfi dung trong djuh<br /> nghta cu nhu: hdnh vi bdt Ijch sy gay ra tdc<br /> dfng tidu cyc v l edm xue vdi ngudi n ^ e (edm<br /> thdy hi xiic pham); phy thufc vdo n h ^ thftc ciia<br /> ngudi nghe. Mdt khac, dng dua ra co sd de xdc<br /> dinh mft bdnh vi cd bdt Ijch sy hay khdng: mft<br /> <br /> 25<br /> <br /> bdnh vi dugc coi Id tidu cyc khi cd sy mdu thuan<br /> giiia chftng vdi kl vpng, suy nght, mong muon<br /> ciia ngudi tilp nh|n. Dinh ngbta mdi cy thi bon,<br /> dugc dng phan tich Id ludng frong cuIn<br /> "Impoliteness<br /> using language to cause<br /> offence" vd trong cdc bdi viet gan day v l bdt<br /> Ijch sy.<br /> 2.2. Hai kieu bit lieh s^<br /> Culpeper (1996) ehia hdnh vi bdt ljcb sy<br /> thdnh hai lo^: "inherent impoliteness" (tam djch<br /> Id "bdt lich su thtfc hiru" hay "bdt Ifch s{e dich<br /> th{fc") vd "mock impoliteness" (t^un dich Id "bdt<br /> Ifch su gieu nhgi" bay "bdt Ifch su gid').<br /> Culpeper eho rdng, cd nhthig hdnh vi bdm sinh<br /> dd de do9 the difn cua ngudi ndi bdt chap ngft<br /> cdnh, nhihig hdnh vi ndy ggi Id hdnh vi bdt ljcb<br /> sy CO hihi (bat ljcb sy thyc). Ngodi ra, cd nhiing<br /> hdnh vi b l mdt Id bdt ljcb sy nhung ngudi ndi<br /> khdng e l ^ lam tin thuong ngudi khac thi dugc<br /> gpi Id hdnh vi bat lich sy gieu nh^i (bdt lich sy<br /> gi4)._<br /> Ve bdt Ijch sy thyc hftu, quan dilm ciia<br /> Culpeper ciing tuong ding vdi quan diem cua<br /> mft so nhd nghidn cftu di tiudc. Leech (1983)<br /> da phan bift "Ijch sy tuong doi" ("relative<br /> politeness") vd "ljcb sy tuyft doi" ("absolute<br /> politeness"). Ljcb sy tuong dii chl hanh vi ljcb<br /> sy cd lidn quan din mgt ngft ednh nhat djnh,<br /> trong khi dd Ijeh sy tuyft dii chi bdnh vi ljcb sy<br /> dpc IIP vdi ngft ednh. Vdi ljcb sy tuyft doi.<br /> Leech khdng djnh: "Mft s l hanh dfng d ldi cd<br /> tfnh bdt Ijch sy v l bdn chdt vd mft s l khdc l^i cd<br /> tfnh Ijch sy v l bdn cbdt"[9, 83]. Tuong ty, khi<br /> xdy dyng md hinb Ijch sy ldy thi difn lam tiling<br /> tdm, Brown vd Levinson (1987) ciing vilt rdng:<br /> "...cd mpt so lo^i hanh vi ma bdn chat da de<br /> do? the difn" [5, 65]. Ndi each khdc, hp cho<br /> rdng cd nhthig hdnh vi nhdt djnh (vi dy: ydu cdu,<br /> de doa, phd binh) chong l^i till difn duong tinh<br /> eda mpt ai dd, chong l^i mong muln dupe ung<br /> hf va/hay dii l|ip vdi till difn am tinh ciia mft<br /> ai dd, dii \^p vdi mong muon khdng bj dp ( ^<br /> N I U nhin tong qudt cdc hanh vi ngdn ngft,<br /> chftng ta cd thi ding tinh vdi -y kiln cho rdng<br /> mft s l hdnh vi vin mang tinh Ijch sy trong khi<br /> cd nhftng hdnh vi von dd bdt ljcb sy. Culpeper<br /> ndu vi dy ve hdnh vi bat Ijch sy c l bOu nhu sau:<br /> <br /> 26<br /> <br /> NGON N G f & P 6 1 S 6 N G<br /> <br /> "Tdi Id mpt trong so ba hdnh khdeh dan^ d<br /> trong xe 6 to. Ngudi ldi xe cd ve rdt cdng thdng.<br /> Anh dy da bgt cdn ggt nude mgc dii trdi khdng<br /> mua. Tdi muon ndi vdi anh dy tdt cdi cdn g0 ay di<br /> nhimg khdng may Id bdt ctr ldi di nghf ndo (dit cd<br /> Ifch s\c den ddu) cung se hudng syr chu y tdi cdi<br /> cdn dang bgt mpt cdch vd li Ida vd do do se lam<br /> tdn hgi den the di^n duong tinh ciia anh ay. Vi<br /> vgy, tdi quyet dfnh im Idng".<br /> Culpeper cdn nhdn m^nb rdng, bat eft ldi ndi<br /> ndo khien ngudi khac ehii y din nhihig bdnh vi<br /> phdn edm (nbu ngody mui, ngoay tai hay trung<br /> tifn d cbo ddng ngudi) diu mang tinh bdt Ijch<br /> sy CO hiiu. Vi dy, vdi ldi d l nghi "Bgn cd thi<br /> dimg ngody mUi nita dirge khdngT\ cho dii<br /> ngudi ndi cd thyc hifn day du cdc chien luge<br /> ljcb sy bay thay doi ngft ednh thi phat ngdn dd<br /> vdn mang tfnh bdt ljcb sy. Bdng vifc luu tdm<br /> mft khia c?nb dang che trdeh cua ngudi n h ^ ,<br /> ldi ndi da gay ra mft ton hgi khdng thi trdnh<br /> den thi difn duong tinh eiia anh ta/cd ta. Tuy<br /> nhidn, Culpeper ciing luu y: "Niu nhiing hdnh<br /> dpng phdn cam trin tin tgi nhu mpt IS thudng<br /> dugc chap nhgn trong mpt so nen vdn hod (nhu g<br /> trong mpt s6 nin van hod), tdt nhien, hdnh dpng<br /> dd sS khong bf coi Id bdt Ijch J(f" [6, 351 ].<br /> Bdt licit sj^giiu nhgi<br /> Bat ljcb sy gieu nhgi Id logi hanh vi bdt Ijch<br /> sy cd ddu hifu v l hinh thftc nhung ngudi nghe<br /> bilu rdng ngudi ndi khdng co y lam ngudi nghe<br /> tin thuong. Vi du, mft lan tdi din mdt biia tifc<br /> mufn vd giai thich vdi chu biia tifc la tdi dd<br /> nhdm 17 gid thdnh 7 gid toi, ehii nhd ^ cudi va<br /> ndi: "Dung Id dd ngd ngdn". Tdi biet hanh dfng<br /> bdt ljcb sy d day chi Id trdn b l mat, ngudi ndi<br /> khdng cd y gj vd tdi vdn dugc mdi vao bfta tifc.<br /> Leech (1983) cung da d l c§p den hifn tugng<br /> ndy khi xIp nd vdo nguydn tde diia vui ("Banter<br /> Principle") [9,144]. Leech cbo rdng, nhiing c3u<br /> ndi diia phan anb va khuyin khich bau khdng<br /> khi thdn mat trong xa bf i (tftc la sy binh ddng<br /> tuong doi ve quyIn the vd sy gdn giii vd khoang<br /> each xd hpi): moi quan hf edng than mdt thi tdm<br /> quan tii?ng vd sy can thilt ciia lich sy cdng<br /> gidm. Ndi each khac, tiidn mgt tbi khdng cdn<br /> ljcb sy vd vide dung nbOng phdt ngdn bdt ljcb sy<br /> bl ngoai cang till hifn sy than m|t. RS rdng.<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> dilu nay chi till hifn trong ngft ednh khi md hit<br /> ljcb sy dupe bilu Id sy diia vui. Tuy nhidn,<br /> Leech khdng xdc djnh rd ngft ednh cd thi bao<br /> gIm nhftng yeu t l ndo.<br /> 2.3. Cdc chiin luge bat Ifch sft<br /> Md hlnh bdt ljcb sy cfta Culpeper dua trgn<br /> md hinh ljcb sy cua Brown va Levinson.<br /> Culpeper coi bdt lich sy Id "v^t ki sinh" eiia Ijch<br /> sy ("the parasite of politeness") [6,355]. Brown<br /> vd Levinson (1987) cho rdng, neu ai dd thyc<br /> hifn mft phdt ngdn cd khd ndng de dog thi di^n<br /> cfta nhiing ngydi tham gia thi ngudi ta se th^<br /> hifn cdc ehiln luge ljcb sy phii hpp vdi hdnh vi<br /> de dog tbi didn dy. Sau dd, ngudi ta se tinh t o ^<br /> mftc df de dog tbi difn cua hdnh vi cd liSn<br /> quan. Dieu nay dugc thyc hifn bdng cdch xem<br /> xdt cdc ylu t l chinh anh hudng din sy de do^<br /> thi difn nhu quyen lyc, khodng cdch xa hfi,<br /> mftc dp dp dgt cfta hanh dpng. Gid trj ciia c^<br /> ylu t l trdn dugc cf ng lgi d l tinh todn mftc dp<br /> dnh hudng cua mft bdnh vi de dog the difn (gpi<br /> tdt Id FTA). Brown vd Levinson de xuat nam<br /> sieu chiln luge ("superstrategies") d l thyc hifn<br /> bdnh dpng FTA. Cdc sieu chien luge dupe tdm<br /> tdt dudi day, sidu ehiln luge ddu tidn tuong iing<br /> vdi mftc dp de dog till difn cao nhdt, sidu chi^n<br /> luge culi tucmg ftng vdi mftc df de dog thi di?n<br /> thap nhdt<br /> (1) Thuc hi^n FTA theo loi ndi trdng - cic<br /> FTA dugc tiiye hifn "mft cdch tiyc tilp nhdt, nS<br /> rang nhdt, theo mpt each ngdn gpn va don nghia".<br /> [5, 69].<br /> (2) Lfch s{c duong tinh - dimg cac chien lin?c<br /> Ijch sy de bii d&p mong muln vl the difn ducmg<br /> tinh ciia ngudi nghe.<br /> (3) Lfch Sir dm tinh - dtmg cdc chiln luge Ijch<br /> sy de bd ddp mong muon vl thi difn dm tinh cila<br /> ngudi nghe.<br /> (4) Thgc hi?n FTA theo loi ndi kin.<br /> (5) Khong thvc hi?n FTA.<br /> Dya vao eac chiln luge ljcb sy cua Brown v^<br /> Levonson, Culpeper dl xudt 5 sidu chiln lupc<br /> bdt Ijeh sy. Ndm sieu ehiln luge bat Ijch sy it<br /> thi dii lgp vdi nam sidu ebiln l u ^ ljcb s\f.<br /> Thay vl cung co hay de cao till difn, cdc sifiu<br /> chien luge bat Ijch sy cy tiil hod cdc edch thiic<br /> tdn edng till difn.<br /> <br /> S6 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & D d i<br /> <br /> (1) £>ung ldi noi trdng ("Bald on record<br /> impoliteness"): Cdc hanh vi FTA dugc thi hifn<br /> mpt each trye tiep nhdt, rS rang, don nghta,<br /> ngdn gpn. Khi dd, the difn khdng diR?c chft -^<br /> hodc bj ddnh ^ a thdp.<br /> Can phdn bift chiln luge ndy vdi chiln lupc<br /> "ndi ti^g" cua Brown va Levinson. "Ndi<br /> trdn^' Id chiln luge Iieh sy trong tiirdng hgp<br /> khd d§c bift. Chdng hgn, khi khdn cdp, khi sy de<br /> doa din thi difn cua ngudi nghe khdng ddng kl<br /> (vi dy, edc cdu mfnh Ifnh: "vdo di", "ngdi<br /> xudn^'),^ ho$e khi ngudi ndi cd quyen lyc cao<br /> bon nhidu so vdi nguin nghe (vi dy, b l m? ndi<br /> vdi con: "Bitng keu ca nQa df). Trong tdt cd<br /> cdc tiv^mg hgp vfta kl fren, sy de dog thi difn<br /> khdng Idn vd quan trpng hon, nguM ndi khdng<br /> chu tdm tan cdng thi difn cfta ngudi nghe.<br /> (2) Bat lich su duong tinh (Positive<br /> impoliteness). Sft dyng cdc chiln luge dk lam<br /> ton thuong mong muon vl till difn duong tinh<br /> cua ngudi nhgn.<br /> (3) Bdt lich sy dm tinh (Negative<br /> impoliteness). Sft dyng cdc chiln luge de Iam<br /> tin tiiuong mong muln vl tiie difn am tfnh ciia<br /> ngudi nhdn.<br /> (A) Loi ndi Ijch su theo kiiu mia mai hay<br /> gieu nhgi (Sarcasm or mock politeness). Sft<br /> dyng c ^ chien luge ljcb sy rd rdng Id khdng<br /> flrnnh tiiye, vi till cd thi tiidy rd hdnh vi FTA<br /> frdn be m ^ cau chft. Quan nifm ciia Culpeper<br /> ve mla mai ("sarcasm") gan vdi khai nifm ciia<br /> Leech (1983") vl chdm biem ("irony"), ^ g dua<br /> ra nguyen tdc eham biem ("Irony Principle"IP) nhu sau: "Neu bgn phdi xiic phgm ngudi<br /> khac, tot nhdt dung xung dft vdi nguydn tdc Ijch<br /> sy C'politeness principle" - PP) mft cdch cdng<br /> khai md hay sft dung hdm y dl lam cho ngudi<br /> nghe hieu myc dich xiie phgm ciia bgn" [9, 82].<br /> (5) Tit chdi hdnh vi lich s{r (Withhold<br /> politeness). Khdng sft dyng cac chien luge ljcb<br /> sy d nhftng cho md ddng ra phai dimg [...]. Vf<br /> dy, khdng edm cm ngudi t$ng qud cd thi coi la<br /> bdt lich sy c l •^,<br /> Sy ddnh gid mftc df dnh hudng ciia FTA<br /> trong cdng thftc ciia Brown va Levinson ciing<br /> cd thi dp dyng vdi bdt Ijch sy. Mftc df dp dSt<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> 27<br /> <br /> cfta hanh vi cang eao, quyIn lyc vd khodng each<br /> giiia ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe cdng chdnh Ifch<br /> thi mftc dp de dog the difn cdng Idn. N I U SO<br /> sanh md hhih cfta Culpeper vd Brown &<br /> Levinson, chung ta sd nhgn tiidy thyc t l chftng<br /> tuong tu nhau chl khdc Id chftng d bai cyc dii<br /> l^nhau.<br /> Culpeper cftng ndu cy thi cac chien luge bdt<br /> lich sy duong tfnh va cdc chien luge bdt Ijch<br /> sy am tinh:<br /> Thir nhdi, cdc chiin luge bdt Ifch su<br /> duong tinh, gIm:<br /> a. Phdt Id ngudi khdc (Ignore, snub the<br /> other): td ra khdng quan tdm din sy hifn difn<br /> cua ngudi khdc.<br /> b.Tach ngudi khdc ra khdi mpt hogt dpng<br /> (Occlude the other from an activity).<br /> c. Xa cdch vdi ngudi khdc (Disassociate from<br /> the other). Vi dy, tii chii sy bgp tdc, trdnh<br /> nhChig cdi chung; frdnh ngli ciing.<br /> d. Khong quan tdm, khong Io long, khong<br /> thdng edm (Be disinterested. unconcerned,<br /> unsympcahetic).<br /> d. Sir djfng nhiing ddu hi$u nhgn di^n khong<br /> phu hgp (Use inappropriate identity markers).<br /> Vi dy, su dyng daih hifu, tudc vj, hp khi mli<br /> quan bf gan hay sft dyng bift danh khi mli quan<br /> hf xa.<br /> e.Sit dyng ngon ngii ma hi, khd hiiu hay<br /> ngon ngii bl mgt trong nhom (Use obscure or<br /> secretive language). Vi dy, lam ra vd bi dn vdi<br /> bift ngit, sft dyng mS ridng chi nhiing ngudi<br /> trong nhdm bilt<br /> g.Tim kiim sv bdt din (Seek disagreement):<br /> chpn nhftng dl tai nhgy edm.<br /> hKhiin ngudi khdc edm thdy khong thodi<br /> mdi (Make the other feel uncomfortable). Vi dy:<br /> im l$ng, ndi diia, bay ndi thdm.<br /> i.Sit dimg tit ngfi: edm ki (Use taboo words).<br /> Chdi rda hay d ^ g cdc ngdn ngft xdc phgm, tyc<br /> tiu.<br /> kGgi tin khdc (Call the other names). Diing<br /> ldi gidi thif u mang tfnh mift thj v.v.<br /> Thu hai, cdc chiin luge bdt Ifch sir dm<br /> tinh. gom:<br /> <br /> 28<br /> <br /> NGON N G C & D d i<br /> <br /> a.Khien ngudi khdc sg hdi (Frighten). Khiln<br /> ngudi khdc tin rdng sd co sy vifc khdng hay xdy<br /> ra vdi hp (dog ngudi khac).<br /> b.Ra ve, khinh bi hc^ nhgo bdng (Condescend,<br /> scorn or ridicule): Nhan mgnh quyIn lyc; khdng<br /> dii xft tft tl; coi tiiudng ngudi khdc (vi dy: dung<br /> cdc tii ngii giam nghta ("diminutives").<br /> cChiim khdng gian eda ngudi khdc (Invade<br /> the other's space). Cym tft ndy dugc hieu theo<br /> dfing nghta den (ty dgt vj tri gdn vdi ngudi khdc<br /> hon mli quan hf cho phep) hay nghta bdng, nghta<br /> an dy (vi dy, hdi bay ndi vl thdng tin qua ridng tu<br /> so vdi moi quan hf).<br /> d. Gdn ngu&i nghe vdi edc khia cgnh tiiu c^<br /> mpt cdch 10 Uiu (Explicitly associate the other<br /> with a negative aspect). Cd nhdn hod, dimg cdc<br /> dgi tft nhu: "/". 'Tou".<br /> d. Noi thdng sv mdc ng eda ngudi khdc (Put<br /> the other's indebtedness on record).<br /> Ben canh nhftng chiln luge tren, edu tnic<br /> hfi tiiogi cung Id mpt trong nhiing phuong thftc<br /> the hifn ljcb sy (bdt lich sy). Brown vd<br /> Levinson da chl ra rdng, "sy vi pham lugt ldi<br /> (ngdt ldi, phdt Id Idi ngudi ndi, khdng trd ldi<br /> cdu hdi ciia lugt trudc) deu Id cdc FTAs" [5,<br /> 233]. Ngoai ra, Culpeper cimg chi ra rdng ed<br /> nhilu hanh vi phi ngdn tft vd hanh vi kem ngdn<br /> ngft ("paralinguistic") cd thi Id hdnh vi bdt ljcb<br /> sy, de dog the difn. Ong cung ndi rdng li<br /> thuyet ciia Brown va Levinson ciing chua chii y<br /> din khia canh nay cfta bdt ljcb sy. Theo<br /> Culpeper, bet to hay trdnh giao tiep bdng mdt<br /> cung cd tbi la hdnh vi bdt ljcb su.<br /> 3. K i t lugn<br /> Tim bilu H thuylt Ijch sy theo hudng md<br /> rf ng sang cde eupc giao tilp mang tinh tuong<br /> phdn hay dii ddu khdng phdi Id hudng nghidn<br /> cftu mdi. Nhieu tdc gia da md rfng phgm vi<br /> nghien cuu theo hudng ndy nhu: Craig (1986),<br /> Lui (1986), Lakoff (1989), Tracy (1990) va<br /> Penman (1990),...Tuy nhien, ehua cd mpt<br /> nghien cftu ndo t^p trung todn difn vao vdn de<br /> bdt ljcb su, c6 gdng phan tich cy tbi cdch thftc<br /> hogt dfng vd co sd Ii thuylt ciia nd. Culpeper<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> da cd nhftng ddng gdp dang ghi nhgn trong<br /> vifc nghidn cftu bdt ljcb sy - mft vdn de mi<br /> theo dng Id cdn bi "Idng qudn" [6, 366]. Troog<br /> phgm vi cua mgt bai bdo, chftng tdi khdng till<br /> gidi thifu day dft vd kt ludng toan bf quan<br /> nifm vl Ijch sy (bdt Ijch sy) eua Culpeper. Hi<br /> vpng, trong tuong lai chung tdi sd frd Igi van<br /> dl ndy vdi phgm vi rfng hon va vdi nhung<br /> kiln gidi sau sac ban.<br /> TAI L i f u THAM KHAO<br /> Tiing Vift<br /> 1. Difp Quang Ban (2010), TH diin thugt ngU<br /> ngdn nga hgc (sa thao), Nxb Gifio dye, H.<br /> 2. £)5 Hftu ChSu (2006), Dgi cuang ngon «gff<br /> hpc. t i p 2 Ngtt dyng hgc, Nxb Gi4o dye, H.<br /> 3. Ngdn ngU vd x3 h$i - mgt cdch tiip cgn lien<br /> nganh (Vfl Thj Thanh Huong, Hoing Tii QuSn djch;<br /> 2006), Nxb T h i gjdi, H.<br /> 4. Nh6m djch gi4 (2012), Tie diin xa hgi hgc<br /> Oxford, Nxb D^ii h(?c Qu6c gia H i Nfi, H.<br /> Tiing Anb<br /> 5. Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson<br /> (1987), Politeness: Some universals<br /> in language<br /> usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br /> 6. Culpeper, Jonathan (1996), Towards an<br /> anlomy of impoliteness. Joumal of pragmatics 25,<br /> 349- 367.<br /> 7. Culpeper, Jonathan, Impoliteness strategies,<br /> http://www.academia.edu/836866Q/IinpolitCTess<br /> strategies<br /> 8. Culpeper, Jonathan (2011), Impoliteness •<br /> using language<br /> to cause offence.<br /> Cambridge<br /> University Press.<br /> 9. Leech,<br /> Geoffrey (1983), Principles<br /> ^<br /> pragmatics. London: Longman.<br /> 10. Piia<br /> Kuntsi<br /> (2012),<br /> Politeness<br /> md<br /> Impoliteness strategies used ly lawyers in the "Dover<br /> trial" - a case study, English Language Pro Graduthesis English Department.<br /> 11. Pilar, Garees<br /> Conejos, Blivich (2010).<br /> Indotruction:<br /> The status-quo and quo vadis (jf<br /> impoliteness research, Intercultural Pragmatics 7-4,<br /> 535-559.<br /> 12. Sifianou, Maria. (2010), Review of M. Loche<br /> and D. Bousfield (eds.). Impoliteness and pav/a:<br /> Studies on its interplay with power in theory ani<br /> practice, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruytfl,<br /> Language in S o c i e ^ 39,119-122.<br /> <br />