Việc sử dụng người Hoa của các chúa Nguyễn trong công cuộc mở đất miền Tây Nam Bộ

V1|C SCTD^NC NGUdi HOA COA C A C CHUA N C U Y I N<br /> TRONG CdNG CU0C Md DKT M|£N TAY NAM B0<br /> <br /> <br /> D 6 QUVNH NGA*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Cho dSh khi Dfldng Ng^n Dieh theo si^<br /> C ong eupe md dfi't Dfing Trong n6i<br /> chung vfi mi6~n Tfiy Nam Bp n6i<br /> rieng lfi cong lao ciia bao nhifiu th€^ h$ lao<br /> phfin efing cua chfla NguySn Phdc Tfin di<br /> theo dfldng bi^n vfio cfla Ldi L^p, d€^n djnh<br /> d^ng trong tfi't ca cfic thfinh ph^n xfi h0i cfl 6 Mjf Tho vfio nftm 1679 di khai phfi<br /> dudi th6i cfic chfla NguySn trong d6 c6 vflng dfi't nfiy thi vflng Tfiy Nam B$ Ifin dfiu<br /> ngfldi Hoa, mot Iflc Ifldng chu yfiu mfi cfie tifin mdi dfl^c khai phfi dfldi thdi chua<br /> chfla NguySn da stf dung rfi't e6 hi$u qua NguySn.<br /> trong vi?c xay dflng do thj, phfit trien<br /> Dfldng N g ^ Dieh lfi mpt trong nhflng<br /> thfldng mai ciia Dfing Trong.<br /> vien tfldng cua nhfi Minh khfing chiu thufin<br /> Chinh saeh sif di^ng ngfldi Hoa cua efie phue nhfi Thanh da di cfl d^n nfldc ta, nhd<br /> ehua NguySn 5 Tfiy Nam B§ mfi ci^ th^ lfi ehiia NguySn giup dd. Nfim 1644, tri^u<br /> Dfldng Ngan Dich d My Tho vfi M^c Ctfu Minh bi Man Thanh l$t d^. D^ trin ap<br /> cflng eon chau hp M^c vdi dfi't Hfi Tien dfi nhflng li^e Ifl^ig trung thfinh vdl nhfi Minh,<br /> de lai eho dfi't nfldc mpt di san v^ lanh tho qufin Man Thanh sau khi ehi£fm diiffc Bfic<br /> vfi dan cfl dajig trfin trong vfi ea nhflng gifi Kinh da md e u ^ hfinh qufin cfin qufit vdi<br /> tri ve lieh stt. quy mo ldn k6o dfii nhi^u nfim di binh dinh<br /> efic tinh mi^n Nam Trung Qu6c, ndi c^ thii<br /> I. CHUA N G U Y I N PHUC TAN VC(I<br /> DCdNG NGAN DJCH 6 MY THO (1679- cudi cflng cua m$t li^c Iflc^ng khfi ldn tfin<br /> 1689) qufin nhfi Minh. C u ^ chi€n k ^ dfii gfin 4<br /> th$p ky (1644 - 1683) eho dgn khi qufin<br /> Vflng Tfiy Nam B$ dfl^c chua NguySn Thanh chinh phi^c nhi2ng c u ^ khfing cfl<br /> cung nhfl ngfldi dfin Vi$t chu ^ mu$n hdu cudi cflng trfin dao Dfii Loan do vien tfldng<br /> BO vdi Dong Nam Bp, b6i vi vj tri cfich trfi Trinh Thfinh C6ng chi huy. Nhi^u vo quan<br /> vfi di^u ki§n khai phfi cung kh6 khfin hdn. vfi qufin d$i trung thfinh vdi nhfi Minh da<br /> <br /> <br /> ' ThS. So Khoa hoe vfi Cong ngh^ tinh Bfi Ria - 'Viing Tfiu<br /> Vigc 5i3r dyng ngirtrt Ijoa...<br /> <br /> dfla gia dinh cua hp vflpt bien ra nfldc vien quan cda chfla NguySn da dd^n khai<br /> ngofii nhfim tranh si^ tra thfl cua chfnh phfi vflng dfi't nfiy.<br /> quyen Man Thanh. Dfldng Ng^n Dich sau khi dd'n My Tho<br /> Sfl xufi't hi§n cua Ifle lflt?ng ngfldi Hoa da tid'n hfinh v3 dfi't, xfiy phd, l^p chp di<br /> nfiy 6 Dfing Trong dflpe sit nhfi NguySn ghi di^ng ndn m^t "My Tho d^i phd" sfim ufit<br /> lai: "Ky Miii, ndm thd 31 (1679), mita xudn, quy tp ngfldi Hoa, ngfldi Vi^t, ngfldi<br /> thdng gi&ng, tUdng cu nhd Minh Id Long Khmer. Ong cho nhdm hpp ngfldi Vi^t,<br /> Mdn tdng binh DiiOng Nggn Dich vd phd ngfldi Khmer vfi ngfldi Hoa tid'n hfinh khai<br /> tudng Hodng TUn, Cao Ldi Lidm tdng binh khfin dfi't dai, Ifip trang tr^i vfi thdn fl'p t^o<br /> Trdn ThitOng XuySn vd phd tudng Trdn An ndn aijf chuydn bidn dfing k^ cua vflng dfi't<br /> Binh dem han 3.000 qudn vd hOn SO chiie trfldc dfiy vdn khfi hoang sd nfiy. My Tho<br /> thuyin de'n cdc cda biin Tu Dung vd Dd trd thfinh noi nhpn nhjp, vi^c giao Iflu buon<br /> Ndng, tu trdn Id bd thdn nhd Minh, nghia bfin vdi thfldng nhfin nfldc ngofii trd nen<br /> khdng chiu ldm tdi nhd Thanh ndn din xin thjnh vflpng, thu hut si^ quan tfim eua cfie<br /> ldm tdi td' (1). 'finh th^ nfiy da d$t chfla thfldng thuydn Trung Hoa, Nh^t Ban, Tfiy<br /> NguySn Phflc Tfin diing trfldc su Ifla ebon Dfldng vfi Bd Dfio Nha. "My Tho dgi phd" Id<br /> thdng minh, cudi eflng chua dfi quyS't dinh: mdt thUOng cdng xudt nhdp khdu hdng<br /> "Nay ddt Ddng Phd (ten cd Gia Dinh) nUdc hod. Ndm dge theo sdng Tien, ndi ndo cd<br /> Chdn Lap dong rudng phi nhiiu nghin ddng cU ddn la cd nhdng khu thi td ve tinh<br /> ddm, triiu dinh chUa rdi md kinh ly, chi nhu Cha Ggo, Bin Chiia, Cdi Bi Long Ho,<br /> bang lay sdc cua hg cho din khai khdn de Sa Dec, Cdi Tdu ThUpng, Cdi Tdu Hg, Tdn<br /> d, ldm mgt viic md ldi ba diiu" (2). Chua Chdu, Tdn Ddc vd kin tdn cdc khu thi td<br /> mpt mfit ban cho cac tfldng nhfi Minh ciia Chdn Lap. Nhdng khu thi td ndy ldm<br /> nhflng ehfle nhfl cfl, phong them chflc quan nhiem vu eung cdp nhdng mdt kdng ndng<br /> mdi, mfit khac giii thfl cho vua Chfin Lap sdn, tho sdn cho My Tho dgi phd xudt<br /> yeu cfiu chia cfi'p dfi't dai cho hp. Luc nfiy, khdu, dong thdi cung nhdn hdng hod cua<br /> bien gidi Vipt - Champa ve phia Nam cdn nUde ngodi di phdn phdi vd bdn cho ngUdi<br /> dijfng lai d sdng Phan Rang nen phfldng fin tieu diing " (3).<br /> dfla dofin ngfldi di dfin ngfldi Hoa vflpt bien<br /> Lflc Ifldng ngfldi Hoa ddn vflng dfit My<br /> vfio dfit Chan L^ip lfi mpt each flng xtf linh<br /> Tho cfing ngfiy cfing da dang hdn, ngoai cac<br /> boat vfi khdn ngoan, ddng thdi, cung th^<br /> di thfin nhfi Minh, binh linh, thfldng gia<br /> hi§n uy th^ eiia mdt nfldc ldn doi vdi phidn<br /> edn c6 cac tri thfle Nho gifio, cac nhfi sfl. Da<br /> thfin cua minh.<br /> sd ngfldi Hoa ddn dfiy deu lfi nhflng cfl dan<br /> Binh thuyen cua Dfldng Ng^n Dich tid^n d cac vflng duyfin hai phfa Nam Trung<br /> vao ciia Ldi Lap, theo ciia Dai, cfla Ti^u Qudc nen c6 hieu bidt vfi bifin, gidi vfi giao<br /> ddn dinh cfl d My Tho. Cng ehia qufin thfldng tren bifin, ky thufit ddng thuyen,<br /> thfinh hai nhdm, m^t nhdm do fing dfin dfiu thfinh thao thuy ehifi'n, c6 kinh nghidm<br /> dfla thuyen ch^y vfio cfla Xofii R^P. sau dd trong vide giao lifu, tiep xfle, kifim ke hfing<br /> djnh cfl d dfi't Phien Trfi'n, mpt nhdm do hofi d eac cang bifin. Vdi dia thd vflng dfi't<br /> Hofing Tieh chi huy tieh vfio D ^ Ti^u hai My Tho thu^n lpi cho giao thfldng, budn<br /> khfiu len dinh cfl d M^ Tho. Nhfl v^y, bfin, ngfldi Hoa d vflng dfi't nfiy sdng chii<br /> Dfldng Ng?ui Djch vdi danh nghia lfi m^t ydu bfing nghd budn ban, san xufit thudc<br />  Bflhifln cmi Lich siSr. sg 4.2011<br /> <br /> ddng y, tidu thu cdng nghidp. Dd'n thd ky cfic tfldng Long Mdn vfi cd nhidm vy thu<br /> XVII, My Tho trd thfinh m^t trong hai nhfin sd' dfin cfl qufi ddng dfl^c chuydn tfl<br /> trung tfim thfldng m^i ldn nhfi't Nam Bd luc Trfi'n Bidn vfi Phidn Trfi'n xud'ng. Ngfldi dfln<br /> bfi'y gid (4). d dfiy dfl^c t^o didu ki^n lfim fin, sinh sd'ng<br /> thoai mfii hdn so vdi dfin d Ddng Nam Bp,<br /> Cflng vdi nhflng ho^it d^ng thfldng m^ii,<br /> do nhflng quy djnh edn chfla chfit chd vfi<br /> ddi B^ng tinh thfin ciia ngfldi Hoa cung<br /> chii trfldng khuydn khich ciia ehua NguySn<br /> tha'm dfin vfio manh dfi't nfiy. Ngfldi Hoa da<br /> ndn hp dfl^ tfl do lfim fin vfi khai khfin dfit<br /> du nhfip vfio vflng dfi't nfiy vfin hoa Trung<br /> dai. Thud dfl^ thu theo san phfim nghl<br /> Hoa. hofi cflng vdi vfin hofi Khmer, Vi^t,<br /> nghifip ciia tflng ngfldi; ngfldi lfim rufing thi<br /> Chfim t^o nfin si^ phong phu vd vfin hofi cho<br /> ndp Ifla, ngfldi danh ca thi ndp cfi, ngfldi<br /> manh dfi't nfiy.<br /> lfim rflng thi ndp go ... Dfi thu thud dfin d<br /> Tuy vfiy, ehi 9 nfim sau (1688), s^ tranh My Tho, chua NguySn cung da cho Ifip 9<br /> chfi'p quydn li^c khidn ndi bd lyc dye dfin kho rieng (Quy An, Quy Hda, Canh Dfldng,<br /> ddn v i ^ Dfldng Ng^n Dich bi phd tfldng Thidn Mu, Quan Thao, Hofing L^p, Tam<br /> Hofing Tidn gifit chdt: L^ch, Ba Canh, Tan Thjnh) dfi nhfin dfin b<br /> "Thdng 6, phd tUdng Long Mdn Hodng gfin kho nfio thi dem thud" ddn nap kho dd<br /> TUn giet chit chii tUdng Id DU(Jng Nggn cho tidn.<br /> Dich d eda biin My Tho, tU xUng Id Phdn<br /> Nhfl vfiy tren thfle te, chfla Nguyen da<br /> dUng Ho oai tUdng qudn, thdng linh dU<br /> ed sy khai thae nhfi't djnh ddi vdi My Tho,<br /> chung Long Mdn, ddi don sang Nam KM<br /> nhflng vfi m$t ehlnh danh thi vflng dfi't nfiy<br /> (nay thudc huyen Kiin Hda, tinh Dinh<br /> vfin chfla thupc vfi sfl quan ly cua chfla<br /> Tudng) (5), thu hiim ddp ldy, due dgi bdc,<br /> NguySn. Tuy nhifin, dfiy dflpc xem lfi bfldc<br /> ddng chlin thuyin, thd qudn di cUdp bdc"<br /> ehufin bj quan trpng cho si^ anh hfldng sfiu<br /> (6).<br /> rpng cua cfic chua NguySn trfin vflng dfit<br /> Chua NguySn Phue Trfin sai qufin vfio Tfly Nam Bp trong qufi trinh thidt l^p<br /> danh, nfim 1689 tfldng Mai Van Long da dp ehinh quydn eiia Phien trfin dfldi thdi chiia<br /> dflpc Tien. Hofing Tie'n vfi vp eon deu hi giet NguySn Phue Chu vfio nfim 1698. Cho dfiii<br /> (7). khi dflpc M^c Ciiu dfing phfin dfi't Hfi Tifin<br /> Nhfl vfiy, khdng gidng vdi nhflng thfinh (1708) mfi dng da khai phfl trfldc dd thi<br /> qua mfi Trfin Thflpng Xuyfin da lfim dflpc d chua NguySn mdi bfit dfiu vdi tay tdi midn<br /> Cfl Lao Phd, nhflng no lflc ciia Dfldng Ng^n Tfiy Nam Bp m^t cfich thfle sfl,<br /> Dieh d My Tho bi gifin doan khidn My Tho<br /> rdi vfio eanh dieu tfin. II. CHUA NGUYtN \