Mechanical translation and computational linguistics

Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 A stemming algorithm, a procedure to reduce all words with the same stem to a common form, is useful in many areas of computational linguistics and information-retrieval work. While the form of the algorithm varies with its application, certain linguistic problems are common to any stemming procedure.

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This paper examines the theory of translation in Quine's Word and Object and attempts to show that it involves tacit appeal to a premise concerning a regularity in the behavior of bilinguals. The regularity is one whose existence is neither explained nor rendered probable by the theory.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the oft-repeated assertion regarding the efficiency of a "simple parsing algorithm" combinable with a variety of different grammars written in the form of appropriate tables of rules.

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A summary is presented of some results in the literature concerning the generative powers of various formal grammars. The relative generative powers are displayed graphically.I. Introduction Many forms of grammars have been proposed in the study of such related language problems as mechanical translation, computer languages, mathematical linguistics, and the more general characterizations of natural languages.

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In a recent paper by H. L. Resnikoff and J. L. Dolby, "The Nature of Affixing in Written English," an algorithm for the structural definition of affixes was developed and applied to data consisting of all the words of the form CVCVC in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary.

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To lay the foundations for a systematic procedure that could be applied to any scientific translation, this experiment evaluates the error variances attributable to various sources inherent in a design in which discrete, randomly ordered sentences from translations are rated for intelligibility and for fidelity to the original.

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This paper describes a systematic investigation of the extent to which the part of speech of words can be identified from their prefixes and suffixes. The results indicate that it is possible to determine, with 95 per cent accuracy, the inclusive part of speech of an affixed word from a consideration of its prefixes, suffixes, and length.

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A computer program for the mechanical translation into English of an infinite subset of the set of all Arabic sentences has been written and tested. This program is patterned after Victor H. Yngve's framework for syntactic translation.

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For an 8,300-word sample of English text we have found that it is possible to provide at least an acceptable article for more than 90 per cent of the noun occurrences at a "cost" of providing a dual article for half of the occurrences.

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[, vol.8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965] * by , Cambridge Language Research Unit, Cambridge, England The paper describes how the need for automatic aids to classification arose in a manual experiment in information retrieval. It goes on to discuss the problems of automatic classification in general, and to consider various methods that have been proposed. The definition of a particular kind of class, or "clump," is then put forward.

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An automatic essay paraphrasing system, written in JOVIAL, produces essay-like paraphrases of input texts written in a subset of English. The format and content of the essay paraphrase are controlled by an outline that is part of the input text. An individual sentence in the paraphrase may often reflect the content of several sentences in the input text. The system uses dependency rather than transformational criteria, and future versions of the system may come to resemble a dynamic implementation of a stratificational model of grammar....

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A program for sentence-structure determination is part of a system for linguistic computations such as machine translation or automatic documentation. The program can be divided into routines for analysis of word order and for testing the grammatical connectability of pairs of sentence members.

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Annual Meeting The Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics will hold its first annual meeting in the Denver Hilton Hotel, August 25 and 26. The Association meets in alternate years in conjunction with a major computer conference and a major linguistics conference.

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Necessity of Introducing Some Information Provided by Transformational Analysis into MT Algorithms Irena Bellert Department of English Philology, Warsaw University A few examples of ambiguous English constructions and their Polish equivalents are discussed in terms of the correlation between their respective phrase-marker representations and transformational analyses.

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In the following we give an account of a computer program for the translation of natural languages. The program has the following features: (1) it is adaptable to the translation of any two natural languages, not just to some particular pair; (2) it is a self-modifying program—that is, given the information that it has produced an incorrect translation, together with the translation which it should have produced according to the linguistic judgment of an operator, it will modify itself so as to eliminate the cause of the incorrect translation....

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A notational system for use in writing translation routines and related programs is described. The system is specially designed to be convenient for the linguist so that he can do his own programming. Programs in this notation can be converted into computer programs automatically by the computer.

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RESEARCH on the problems of machine translation has been going on for several years in this country and abroad. 1 To date it has been concerned primarily with the complicated linguistic problems involved in mechanical translation, since the engineers can probably build the necessary equipment.

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