82<br />
<br />
Xa hpi hoc sdi (137), 2017<br />
<br />
B A N V E C A C H TIEP CAN VA PHUONG PHAP DO LU'ONG<br />
T A N G L 6 P T R U N G LUtI d VIET NAM<br />
D6 THIEN KINH'<br />
Tdm tdt: Bdi viit trinh bdy phuong phdp xdc dinh vd do ludng tdng ldp trung luu d<br />
Vi4t Nam hien nay. Ly thuyet xd hgi hgc vi phdn Idng xd hgi la co sd ly ludn vd phuang<br />
phdp xdc dmh, do luang tdng ldp trung luu. Trong do, cd hai diim quan trgng di xdc<br />
dinh tdng lap trung luu: (1) Tdng ldp trung liru thugc nhdm giira trong thdp phdn tdng<br />
xd hpi, (2) Tdng lap trung luu duprc do ludng qua tap hgp cdc nghe nghiep khdc nhau.<br />
Da sd cdc nhd xd hdi hoc qudc li dd dua vda nghi nghiep di do ludng giai cdp xd hpi.<br />
Ddy Id phuang phdp do ludng phd bien cdc tdng lap xd hgi trin Ihi gidi Tit day, bdi viil<br />
dp difng phuang phdp ndy vdo do ludng tdng lap trung luu d Vi^l Nam hi$n nay Cu thi<br />
hon, dp dung vdo do ludng tdng ldp trung luu theo cd nhdn vd hg gia dinh. Nhirng ngudi<br />
nghien cim xa hdi hoc Viit Nam cdn Hip luc hgi nhdp vdi Ihi gidi ve do ludng cdc Idng<br />
ldp xd hpi. Diiu ndy cUng la phu hgp vdi tiiu chudn phdn chia vd sdp xep ton ti trgt tif<br />
giiia cdc tdng ldp trong lich su Viit Nam<br />
Tir khoa: phan tang xa hgi, tdng ldp trung iuu, do ludng tdng ldp xd hfi.<br />
<br />
Chil de lang ldp trung luu d Vift Nam dang dugc quan tam bdi cdc Idc gid nghifn<br />
cuu (Td Duy Hgp vd Tnrong Thi Thu Thiiy, 2016; TrSn Thj Minh Nggc, 2015,2013; Do<br />
Thifn Kinh, 2015a, 2012). Nhitng ngudi hogch dinh chinh sdch ciing bdt diu quan tdm<br />
dfn chu df nay nhdm "thiic ddy xS hdi trung luu phdt trifn" (Biii Quang Vinh, 2016). D|ic<br />
biet, Bdo cdo Tdng quan Viil Nam 2035 cd myc: "Chuang trinh nghj sy mdi ve tang ldp<br />
trung luu dang ngay eang ldn manh vd dan sd dang gid di" (Ngan hdng The gidi, Bg Ke<br />
hogch vd Ddu tu, 2016) lifn quan den chii de ndy, Vdy tri thirc x5 hpi hge dS xdc djnh<br />
lang lop trung luu nhu thf nao? Ddng thdi, lam the ndo de do ludng (nhdn difn) tang ldp<br />
nay Irong thyc If xa hgi? Tir day, dp dung vdo do ludng ting ldp trung luu d Vift Nam<br />
hifn nay ra sao'' Bai vift se tra ldi nhiing cdu hdi dat ra d tren. Cdc khdi nifm giai d p vd<br />
tang lop trong bdi viet nay dugc hifu nghia tuong ty nhau.<br />
1. Phirimg phap xac dinb taug ldp trung liru tbeo gdc nhin xd hgi h9c<br />
Hien nay, theo tdc gia bai viet duge biet cd hai cdch lifp cgn chu ylu tir kinh tl hgc<br />
vd xa hdi hgc trong vice xdc dinh tdng idp trung luu Id ^ . Cdch tiSp cgn lir kinh tl hgc dd<br />
Viin Xd hgi hgc, Viin Hdn Idm Khoa hpc xd hgi Viil Nam.<br />
<br />
Do Thien Kinh 83<br />
xdc djnh tang lop trung luu qua tieu chi thu nhdp, hoac ndi chung la qua lieu chi vl ddi<br />
song vgt chat (mirc sdng kinh tl). Cy thl, nhihig ed nhan (ho^ hg gia dinh) cd ddi sing<br />
v^t chit (do ludng qua thu nhdp chdng hgn) thugc khodng Inmg binh ciia xa hdi thi dugc<br />
xip vdo nhdm trung luu. Tat nhien, khodng ihu nhap trung bmh ndy dugc xdc dinh rdt<br />
khdc nhau da ddn ldi lieu chi do ludng theo cdch tilp can kinh tl ciing hll siic khac nhau.<br />
Cd thf tim hilu each tilp cdn ndy qua nhiing bdi vift ctia cac tac gid To Duy Hop vd<br />
Truong Thi Thu Thiiy (2016), Trdn Thi Minh Nggc (2015, 2013). Nhung dii sao, cdch<br />
tilp can xa hgi hgc vl phdn lang xa hgi (trong do c6 tdng ldp trung luu) vdn Id ca bdn<br />
nhdt so vdi cdch lifp cdn kinh tl, vd cdc each tifp can khde (nlu cd) chi Id tham khdo, bl<br />
sung. Sd dl nhu vdy, bdi vi khi da ndi den cdc tdng ldp xd hdi tic Id dl cap din clu tnic<br />
xa hpi, Ihi hien nhien rSng cdu tnic xa hgi dd phai dugc thl hien co ban nhdt qua thap<br />
phdn lang xa hfi, Nhu vdy, kifn thiic, Iri thirc ve phdn Idng xd hgi chinh Id co sd ly ludn<br />
vd phuong phdp xac dinh, do ludng tdng Idp trung luu. Ve dieu ndy cung da duoc cdc tdc<br />
gid Td Duy Hgp va Truong Thj Thu Thiiy chia sf trong bai vilt: "L^ thuylt phdn ting xa<br />
hgi vdi tu cdch Id co sd Iy luan va phuong phdp ludn nghifn eiiu ve giai tdng trung luu"<br />
(2016:22).<br />
Vdy ly thuyft phdn tdng xa hfi da xdc djnh tdng Idp trung luu nhu thl ndo? Tnrdc<br />
hit, theo tir difn phd Ihong Ihi khdi niem tdng Idp/giai cdp trung luu (middle class) dd<br />
bao chiia nhilu ham nghia xa hdi hge Irong muc tir ndy. Vi dy, theo Tir dien lieng Vift,<br />
myc til trung iuu cd nghia Id 'Tdng ldp giita trong xa hpi, dudi thugng luu va trfn hg luu"<br />
(Hodng Phe va cgng su, 2014: 1358). Hogc Id, theo Tir diln Oxford (saeh dien tir), myc tir<br />
giai cdp trung iuu (middle class) Id nhiing ngudi khdng giau qud vd ciing khdng ngheo<br />
qui Nd gdm nhiing nguoi cd nghi chuyen nghifp vd kinh doanh. Giai cdp nay nJm giiia<br />
giai cdp lao dgng (working class) vd giai cdp thugng luu (upper class). Ndi chung, no bao<br />
gdm nhimg ngudi cd vj thf, gido due, thu nhgp... d miic trung binh trong xa hgi O nude<br />
Anh, giai cap tnmg luu thudng dugc chia thdnh giai cdp trung luu Idp trfn vd giai cap<br />
tnmg luu Idp dudi (Hornby, 2010). Tilp theo, Irong tir diln chuyfn nganh xa hgi hgc ciia<br />
John Scott vd Gordon Marshall, muc tir giai cdp Irung luu (middle class/middle classes)<br />
bao gdm tdt cd nhiing ngudi lao ddng co cdn tring la giai cdp trung luu. Giai cdp tmng<br />
luu la nhihig ngudi cd nghi chuyfn nghifp huong luong, nhirng ngudi qudn ly^vd cdng<br />
chirc, nhiing nha kyf tri cao cdp . . . (Scott, 2009: 469,470). HoSc theo cuon tir dien xa hpi<br />
hgc cua Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill va Bryan Tumer, myc tir giai cap Irung luu<br />
(middle class) thudng dugc xac djnh bao gIm nhiing ngudi cd nghf nghifp iao ddng<br />
khdng chdn tay (Abercrombie, 2006: 247). Cdn trong cuon saeh Xa hpi_ hoc cCia Anthony<br />
Giddens, myc til giai cdp Irung luu (middle class) bao gdm mgt pho rgng Idn^ nhirng<br />
ngudi lam vifc trong nhilu nghf nghifp khac nhau, td nhung ngudi lam viec d ITnh vyc<br />
dich vy cho Idi gido vien pho thdng va chuyfn nghifp vf y hgc (Giddens, 2001: 694).<br />
Ho?ic Id, Robert Rothman dd Igo dyng nfn md hlnh khdi quat vl 5 giai cap co ban pho<br />
bifn dli vdi hau hit cdc quoc gia cong nghifp: (1) Giai cdp tinh hoa/thugng luu (elite<br />
class); (2) Giai cdp tnmg luu ldp tren (upper middle class); (3) Giai cap tnmg lini ldp<br />
dudi (lower middle class); (4) Giai cdp lao dgng (working class); (5) Giai cap ha<br />
<br />
Bdn ve cdch dip cgn vdphucmgphdp do ludng...<br />
liru/ngh^o (poor/lower class). Trong dd, giai cdp trung luu ldp trfn vd ldp dudi dugc<br />
xdc dinh dya theo nghe nghifp. Do la nhiing ngudi trong day cac nghi nghifp tu cao<br />
nhdt (trSn co so tri thiie chuyen mdn nhu bdc si, nhd khoa hgc, ldp trinh computer, ngudi<br />
qudn ly) cho din mure trung binh (nhu gido vien phd Ihdng, nhdn vien vdn phdng vd<br />
ban hang) (Rothman, 2005:43,60, 61).<br />
Tdm lgi, qua nhiing dan chiing tren day ta cd thS rut ra hai diem quan trgng de<br />
xac dinh tdng ldp trung lim:<br />
- Cd hai each tilp cdn kinh tl hgc vd xa hgi hgc deu xdc dinh tdng lap trung luu<br />
thupc nhdm gida trong day xfp hgng cac tang lop xa hgi.<br />
- Ddi vdi xa hdi hgc, tang lop trung luu cdn dugc xdc diiih qua tdp hgp cdc nghe<br />
nghifp khac nhau.<br />
Tir hai dilm tdm Igi trfn day, tdi xdc dinh tdng ldp trung luu trong thdp phdn ting<br />
xa hdi d Vift Nam theo each lifp cgn hpi nhdp vdi cdc nhd xd hgi hgc qudc tf (Hinh 1),<br />
Lini y ring, tdng ldp trung luu Ihufc nhdm giua vd hao gdm nhifu ting Idp cy thl khdc d<br />
nhdm giira hgp thanh (khdng bao gdm nhdm dinh va nhdm day thap). Do vgy, chinh xdc<br />
hon nen goi la cdc tdng lap trung liru Cd le vi vay, cuon tir difn chuyen ngdnh xa hfi hgc<br />
ciia John Scott va Gordon Marshall (da dan d tren) viet muc tit (cdc) giai cdp trung luu cd<br />
dudi dgng so nhifu (middle classes).<br />
Ciing til hai dilm tdm lgi tren day (thf hifn qua Hinh 1), ddi chilu vdi quan nifm<br />
cila mft sd tdc gid d Vift Nam cho rdng tang ldp tmng luu bao gom ca nhiing ngudi<br />
ndng ddn gioi ("nhd ndng gidi") (Nguyen Thanh Tuan, 2007) la khdng hgp ly (bdi vi hg<br />
thufc tdng ldp dudi ddy phdn tdng xd hfi). Trong khi dd, gidi xa hgi hgc quIc te chua<br />
thay ai xep ngudi ndng ddn sdn xudt gidi thugc tdng ldp trung luu, Sd di nhu vay, bdi Ie<br />
don gian nong dan la tang ldp thugc phdn day thdp phan tdng (m5c dii nong dan d cdc<br />
nude eong nghifp cd trinh dg san xuat cao hon nong ddn Vift Nam). Phdi chdng mgt si<br />
tdc gid Vift Nam da hieu khdi nifm ndng ddn khdc vdi cdc hgc gid qudc tf, cho nen hp<br />
da xip ndng ddn 1dm an gidi thugc tang Idp trung luu? Tdc gia Ta Nggc Tdn (2010)<br />
ciing cd quan nifm vl tdng Idp Irung luu (dan Igi theo Td Duy Hgp vd Truong Thi Thu<br />
Thiiy, 2016: 21) tuong ty nhu Nguyin Thanh Tudn. HoJic Id, tdc gia Trdn Thj Mmh<br />
Nggc ciing quan nifm tdng Idp trung luu Vift Nam bao gIm ca nhiing ngudi "ndng ddn<br />
lam dn phdt dat" (Tran Thj Minh Nggc, 2015: 46-48). Vay tgi sao lgi cd tinh trgng xip<br />
d^t ca nhung ngudi "ndng dan idm an gidi" vdo tdng Idp trung luu? Sd di cdc tdc gid<br />
Vift Nam xip ddt nhu v|.y, bdi vl hg da dua vdo tifu chi thu nhgp (hodc lan lugt cac tifu<br />
chi nghe nghifp, thu nhdp va miic sing) ciia cac ca nhdn/hg gia dinh. Dilu nay thf hifn<br />
tinh trang chua tiep can duge vdi thanh tyu nghi6n ciiu trfn thS gidi vl phuong phap do<br />
ludng cdc tdng ldp xd hdi trong so nhiing ngudi nghien ciiu xa hdi hgc d Vift Nam. Ddy<br />
la vdn di then chdt vd cdn bdn trong nghien ciiu phan tang xa hgi. Vdy cdc nhd xa hfi<br />
hpc quIc tf da do ludng cac tdng ldp xa hpi nhu the ndo? Ndi each khdc, 1dm thl ndo dl<br />
do ludng ddng thdi dugc ca 3 chilu cgnh can ban vl dja vj kinh tl (tdi sdn, cda cai), dia<br />
vi chinh trj (quyen lyc) vd dja vi xa hgi (uy tin) trong 1^ thuylt phan tang xd hgi eiia<br />
<br />
Do Thien Kinh<br />
<br />
85<br />
<br />
Max Weber (da bao gIm ca Karl Marx)? Toi nhin manh la phdi do ludng "ddng thdi"<br />
ca 3 chiiu cgnh. chu khdng do ludng limg chiiu cgnh. hogc do tudng ldn lugt lir chiiu<br />
cgnh nay sang chieu cgnh khdc. Bdi vi nhi6u ngudi dd do ludng timg chilu canh cho<br />
nen xuat hifn xu hudng nghien ciiu ve cdi ggi Id "phan Idng mirc sing" (vdi ham y do Id<br />
phan tang xa hgi) trong khoang Ihdi ky dli mdi d Vift Nam (kl cd tdc gia vilt bai ndy)<br />
Nhifu tac gia thudng phan tach litng chieu cgnh (vl lai sdn, quyln lyc, uy lin) dl nghiSn<br />
cuu phan tdng xd hgi. Kel qua la hg lya chgn ehilu eanh vl lai sdn, miic sing thi dl do<br />
luong hon cd. Cdc chieu cgnh cdn Igi thi rdt khd do ludng vd khdng bilt do ludng nhu<br />
the nao. Tu chieu cgnh miic song, nhifu tdc gid Vift Nam dd "bdc lach" rif ng ting ldn<br />
tnmg Imi ndm d khodng giira trong ddy "phdn tdng miic sdng", cho nfn din din xip dat<br />
cd nguoi nong dan 1dm dn gidi vdo tang Idp tnmg luu. Cdc nhd xS hfi hgc quIc tl khong<br />
lam nhu vgy va hg da do ludng cac tdng ldp trong thdp phan tdng xa hgi nhu trinh bay<br />
trong myc dudi ddy.<br />
2. Phirong phip do lu-frag pho biln cdc tang Idp xa h^i (bao gIm ting I6p<br />
trung liru) tren thl gioi<br />
Phuong phdp do ludng cdc tang ldp xa hgi Irong thap phan tdng (gdm cd 2 quy<br />
Irinh phdn nhdm vd xip hang cao thip) da dugc trinh bay trong ba bdi vilt (Do Thifn<br />
Kinh, 2011, 2013, 2015b). Npi dung Irinh bdy d day Id nhiing tdm luge co dpng va<br />
nhan mgnh hon. Xd hgi cdng phdt triln, cdc logi nguIn lyc vd tdi sdn tgo nen co<br />
sd/chilu canh dimg df phdn chia thdnh ede tang Idp xa hgi ngay cang da dgng (Iy<br />
thuyft ciia M. Weber dd dua ra 3 chilu cgnh cdn hdn d trfn). Do Id do cae xS hgi cong<br />
nghifp cdng phdt trien, nhifu nguon lyc cd gia tri mdi xudt hifn. David Grusky dd dua<br />
ra bang danh myc cdc loai ngudn Iuc, nguIn Igi vd tai sdn chii ylu (kinh ll, chinh tri,<br />
xd hgi, van hda, uy tin ...) trong xa hgi (Grusky, 2001: 4). Trudc thyc tien phat triln<br />
cua xd hgi cd nhifu loai nguIn luc vd tdi sdn nhu thl, vay thl se dya vdo co sd ndo dl<br />
phan logi vd xep hgng cac tdng ldp xa hfi? Ho$c lifu cd the van tilp tyc kifn dinh bam<br />
giit truyen thdng la Iheo thuylt quy gidn (reduclionism) ve chi mgt loai ngudn lyc vd<br />
tdi san chu ylu nhat? Dgi difn cho cdch lilp c§n nay Id Karl Marx. Neu nhu vgy thi s5<br />
khong "bdc lach" dugc mgt si ting Idp khdc kilm sodt cdc logi ngudn lyc cdn lgi.<br />
Hon nita, cd nhihig ngudn lyc rieng rfi md nlu do ludng tryc tilp nd thi rdt khd khan<br />
vd khdng khd thi Iren thuc tl (vi dy nhu quyln lyc), Ho^c cdch khdc Id phdi lim hudng<br />
do ludng gidn tiSp, nhung Id each do ludng tdng hgp sao cho "quy ty" va "hpi ly"<br />
dugc cdc loai ngudn lyc, tdi sdn chii yeu dong hdnh vdi nhau de nhdm phdn logi vd<br />
xip hgng cac tdng Idp xa hgi. Tire Id, sao cho "quy" ty" va "hpi ly" dugc cac logi<br />
nguIn lyc vao ciing moi tdng Idp (dl tgo nen sy rd rdng/kit tinh vf dia vi - status<br />
crystallization - cho moi ting Idp do). Vdy lam Ihf nao dl do ludng mpt cdch long hgp<br />
cdc loai nguon lyc vd lai sdn chii ylu ciing vdi nhau (ddng thdi vdi nhau) trong moi<br />
tang Idp xd hpi thong qua mgl chi bdo do ludng? TCtc Id, ihao tdc hda khdi ni§m dl do<br />
ludng thyc nghifm cac tang ldp xa hgi nhu thl ndo? (Giddens, 2001: 287). Hodc la<br />
lam thl ndo dl nhgn bift (nhgn difn) dugc ede ting ldp trong xa hgi?<br />
<br />
'i cdch tiep can vd phuong phdp do ludng...<br />
Nhim trd ldi nhirng cau hoi nfu tren, da so cac nha xa hdi hgc qude te da dua vao<br />
nghi nghiep dl do ludng' giai cdp xa hdi (Rothman, 2005: 6). Sd di nhu vgy, bdi vi nghe<br />
nghifp la dilm xudt phdi hiiu ich nhat de ngudi ta c6 dugc nhiing ngudn lgi tai chinh, dia<br />
vi xa hpi va ed -^ nghia lau ddi dli vdi thl hf con cdi (Rothman, 2005' 7). Hon ntra, nghe<br />
nghifp Id hilu hifn vd minh hga ey the cho ly thuyft chiic nang trong vifc giai thich vi<br />
sao cd sy phan tdng xa hgi. Titc Id nd trd ldi cdu hdi tai sao ngudi ta lai cd dugc nhiing<br />
ngudn Igi khac nhau trong he thdng phan tdng. Tham chi, kien thitc do ludng thyc nghigm<br />
cac tdng ldp xa hgi qua cau tnic nghe nghifp cdn dugc viet trong giao trinh xa hdi hgc<br />
tren the gidi:<br />
"Ddc trung phd biin eiia hdu hit cdc so dd giai cdp Id no dua trin co so cau<br />
true nghi nghiip [ ] Nghi nghiep Id mpt trong nhirng nhdn td then chot nhdt<br />
Irong VI thi xd hpi, ca may eudc sdng vd muc dp day du ve vgt chdt ciia m0t cd<br />
nhdn Cdc nhd khoa hpc xd hdi su dung nghi nghiep mot cdch rdt pho bien de Idm<br />
chi bdo cua giai cdp xd hoi, vi ho tin rdng cdc cd nhdn lam citng mgt nghi co xu<br />
hudng trdi nghi$m nhiing uu thi xd hpi hodc bdt Ipi & mirc dd luong tu nhau, cimg<br />
duy tri nhirng phong cdch sdng gdn nhau, vd ciing chia se nhidig co hpi tuang tif<br />
nhau trong cugc sdng. [...] Cdc nhd xd hdi hpc xua nay vdn diing cdc sa 3d giai<br />
cdp nghi nghiep di ve nin bdn dd cdu true giai cdp ciia xd hgi" .<br />
(Giddens, 2001: 287,305)<br />
Cu thf hon, ngudi ta daphdn nhdm dya vdo cdu true nghf nghifp. Tiic Id phan td,<br />
phan nhdm cdc logi nghi nghiep - chic khdng phdi dua vao ngdnh kinh tf nhu cdc tdc gia<br />
nghien cim d Viet Nam thudng hieu. Tifp theo, hp dd xip hang theo ton ti trgt ty tren<br />
dudi (nic la phdn tdng sau khi phan nhdm) dya vdo dia vi kinh tl - xa hgi md rfng (Tdi<br />
san/ciia cai, thu nhgp; Giao dye; Uy lin nghi nghifp; Vln van hda; Vdn xa hfi) dS tao<br />
thdnh cdc tdng ldp trong xa hfi (Dd ThlSn Kinh, 2013: 97). Sd di nhu vgy, bdi vi nghf<br />
nghifp Id noi "quy ty" vd "hdi ty" tuong dll ddy dH cac loai ngudn lyc, ngudn lgi, tdi sdn<br />
vd vi tri xa hgi eua moi ca nhdn. Ndi cdch khdc, cdc loai nguon lyc, nguon lgi, tai sdn vd<br />
vi tri xa hpi thudng gan lien vdi nhau qua nghe nghiep cua moi cd nhdn. Cd the ndi rdng,<br />
ba chilu cgnh kinh difn vf phan tang xa hgi (kinh tl/tdi sdn, ehinh tri/quyln lyc vd uy tin<br />
xd hfi) dfu thf hifn ddng thdi cimg nhau trong nghf nghifp - theo ngdn ngii dan gian thi<br />
do gpi Id "3 trong 1" Chinh vi vgy, ma Parkin (1971: 18) da coi cdu tnic nghf nghifp nhu<br />
' v l dai thl, c6 4 c ^ h tiep can trong vifc do lutmg cic t^ng ]6p xS h^i, tren co s& d\ra vSo: 1) Vj tri trong<br />
quan h | sSn xu^I xa h$i; 2} D]a vi kinh ll - xa h$i; 3) Ciu triic nghe nghi?p v i d|a vj kinh te - xS hel md<br />
r^ng; 4) T^ nhgn thirc chu quan, Tuy nhifin, cdch ti4p c^n nio cung c6 nhitng uu dilm va h?n che nhit<br />
diiih,Nhimgdas6cicnhixahOih?cquSctllyach9ncach t i e p c ^ thiiS (Do Thien Kinh, 2013: 97).<br />
^ Nguygn van tilng Anh. "A common feature of moat class schemes is that they are derived on the basis of<br />
the occupational structure. [ . ] occupation is one of the most critical factors in an individual's social<br />
standing, life chances and level of materia) comfort. Social scientists have used occupation extensively as<br />
an indicator of social class because of the belief that individuals in the same occupation tend lo experience<br />
similar degrees of social advantage or disadvanWge, maintain comparable lifestyles, and share similar<br />
opportunities m life [,.,] Sociologists have iraditionally used occupational class schemes to map the class<br />
structure of society" (Giddens, 2001 287, 305).<br />
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