MOT SO TAG DdNG TICH Cl/C CUA CHINH SACH<br />
THUC D A N TAY B A N NHA QT TRUNG VA NAM MY<br />
<br />
LUONG THI THOA<br />
PHAM THI THANH HUY£'N*<br />
<br />
<br />
phQdng thQc sinh hoat vd phQcfng thQc ton<br />
T rong Tap ehi Nghien cQu Lich sQ, sd<br />
6 (331) thfing XI-XII nfim 2003,<br />
chiing tdi da cd mpt bai viet vdi tieu dl:<br />
tai ciia tdt cd nhQng nhdm ngQdi bdn dia,<br />
khdng mdt ai biit dQdc dd cd bao nhiiu bp<br />
"Chinh sdch thQc ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha ddi tdc bi nd dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi<br />
vdi cQ ddn da do trin luc dia chdu My vd giit chit" (1). Tuy nhien, cung cfin phai<br />
hdu qud cda no (thi'ky XV - XVI)". Trong bfii nhan thfi'y rfing: cdng cupe khai thfie thupc<br />
viet dd, do gidi han ciia tU lipu nen chung tdi dia eiia thUe dfin Tay Ban Nha d Trung vfi<br />
mdi ehi de cfip den nhQng tac dpng tieu eUc Nam My da tao nen mpt so tac dpng khach<br />
eiia chinh sach thUe dfin do Tay Ban Nha quan mang y nghia tfch cilc ddi vdi thupc<br />
gay ra cho cdc thupc dia chfiu My. dia nhU: tao ra sU pha trdn chung tpc, tao<br />
ra mpt sd yeu to' mdi trong nen kinh te<br />
Cd the ndi, chinh sfich thUe dan cua Tay<br />
thupc dia cung nhU sU tiep xuc, giao lUu<br />
Ban Nha dd'i vdi cdc qud'c gia d Trung va vfin hoa giQa cac nUde phUdng Tay vdi Tan<br />
Nam My da de lai nhieu hdu qua tieu cUc The gidi... d mpt khia canh nfio dd, nhQng<br />
cho eac dan tpc ndy: dd Id sU buy dipt ve tfic dpng nfiy eung mang lai nhQng thay ddi<br />
dan so' eua chau My, sU khai thfie bdc lot ldn, cfin ban cho khu vUc Trung vfi Nam<br />
triet de cae ngudn tfii nguyen thien nhien My, gdp phfin tao nen mpt My Latinh vdi<br />
cung nhu thanh qua lao dpng cua ngUdi nhQng dfic trUng kinh td - vfin hoa dpc dao,<br />
dan cac nUde bi xam chiem, dd Id sii huy rieng ed ciia nd.<br />
diet eac nen vfin hda truyen thdng ban dia<br />
vfi chinh sfich phan biet chung tpc da man Tao ra sii pha tron c h u n g toe<br />
ddi vdi ngUdi da mfiu, cupe sd'ng eua ngudi<br />
Dfiy la tac dpng dfiu tien mfi sU nhfip eU<br />
dan d cac qud'c gia hi thiic dan Tay Ban<br />
eiia thuc dan chau Au vfio chau My dfi<br />
Nha chiem ddng hfiu nhU khdng ed sU cai<br />
mang lai. Hp qua nfiy Ifi tfit nhien, khong<br />
thien ndo dang ke. Alvin M.Joseph da nhan<br />
the tranh khdi khi nhQng ngUdi da trfing<br />
xdt: "SQ khai hod cua ngiidi chdu Au ddi<br />
trfin sang xam lUpc thupc dia d mpt vung<br />
vcH My Latinh dQdc coi Id giai doan den tdi<br />
dfi't vdn la lanh thd cua ngUdi da dd.<br />
nhd't trong lich sQ lodi ngQdi, bdi vi nhQng<br />
ngQdi khai hda dd dp dat quyin liic cda Theo thdng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngUdi<br />
minh lin cudc sd'ng, len lanh thd, tdn gido. Tay Ban Nha dfi nhfip cU den The gidi Mdi<br />
<br />
<br />
• PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sit - Trudng Dai hpc Sii pham Hfi Npi<br />
" Th.S. Khoa Lich sd • TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi<br />
mot s6j6cdOng Hch eye... 61<br />
<br />
trong thdi ky thupe dia SofdSl<br />
(2). Hp h l u het deu den tQ Supha trdn chiing tpc dkhu vuc Trung vd Nam My<br />
nhQng vung nong nghipp<br />
lac hfiu d phia Nam Tfiy Ngirtri da NguM Indian Nguilida<br />
trfing den<br />
Ban Nha. TQ cho Ifi Ifinh<br />
thd rieng ciia ngUdi<br />
Indian (ngUdi da dd), chfiu<br />
My da trd thfinh chdu luc Ngiidi Ngiriri<br />
mestizo zambo<br />
cda nhQng ngQdi nhap cQ.<br />
Chinh sU nhfip eU ciia<br />
ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha ndi NguM<br />
Mulatto<br />
rieng, ng^di chfiu Au ndi<br />
chung, cung vdi vipe dUa<br />
peninsular (nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha<br />
ngUdi no le da den tQ chfiu Phi sang dfi tao<br />
sinh ra d Tfiy Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%), cdn<br />
ra sU pha trdn chiing toe d cae thupc dia<br />
lai 3,05 tripu ngUdi Ifi thupc nhdm criollo<br />
chau My. Trai qua qufi trinh sinh sdng, ba<br />
(nhQng ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha sinh ra d chfiu<br />
thfinh p h i n dfin eU ehinh d thupc dia Ifi<br />
My (chidm hdn 95%) (4). Sii phfin bipt giQa<br />
ngUdi da trfing, ngUdi Indian vfi ngUdi da<br />
ngUdi peninsular vfi ngUdi criollo khdng<br />
den dfi hofi trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhQng<br />
phai bdi ddng mau ma bdi ndi sinh. NhUng<br />
nhdm ngUdi lai, chii yeu la ngUdi mestizo,<br />
trong xa hpi d thupc dia, sU phan bipt dfing<br />
zambo vk mulatto. Cd the minh hoa sU pha<br />
cfi'p giQa hai nhdm ngUdi nfiy tUdng ddi rd<br />
trdn chiing tpc dd bfing sd dd dudi dfiy (xem<br />
rpt. NhQng chQc vu cao qu^ nhQ tdng trfi'n,<br />
sd dd 1).<br />
tdng gifim muc, chii tich Hpi ddng cd vfi'n...<br />
Trong so' eac nhdm ngUdi lai, ngUdi dfinh cho ngUdi peninsular. Trong khi dd,<br />
mestizo trd thfinh thfinh p h i n dfin cU chii<br />
ngUdi criollo thi lai giQ vai trd quan trpng<br />
yeu d nhieu ndi nhU Mexico, Trung My vfi<br />
trong boat dpng kinh te: chii md, chii<br />
khu viic cao nguyen Andes.<br />
xUdng, thUdng nhfin, chu cfic hacienda<br />
Mfic du sii xam lUdc eiia thUe dfin Tfiy (dien trang)... Do vfiy, ngUdi criollo ludn<br />
Ban Nha dfi tfin sat vfi huy dipt ngUdi da ludn dfi'u tranh dl nfim chinh quyen. Cupe<br />
do, nhung vfio cudl thdi ky thupc dia, dfin dfi'u tranh giQa ngUdi criollo vfi ngUdi<br />
sd Indian da cd dfi'u hipu tfing trd lai. Theo peninsular Ifi mpt trong nhQng nguyen<br />
Ude tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dfin sd d cae nhfin dfin den cudc dfi'u tranh giai phdng<br />
thupc dia chfiu My cua Tay Ban Nha Ifi 17 dfin tpc d My Latinh the ky XIX - XX.<br />
tripu ngUdi, trong so' dd khoang 7,5 tripu Ifi<br />
ngudi Indian (chidm 44,1%); 3,2 tripu Ifi Nhu vfiy, cupe xfim lUdc thiie dfin cua<br />
ngudi da trfing (18,8%), ngUdi da den chiem Tfiy Ban Nha dfi tao ra d chfiu My mpt cpng<br />
khoang 0,75 tripu ngUdi (4,7%), vfi 5,5 tripu ddng dan eU da ehiing tpc. Su hofi trdn<br />
cdn lai Ifi sd ngUdi lai vdi nhilu loai khfic chiing tpc nfiy Ifi cd sd tao ra sU giao lUu<br />
nhau (mestizo, zambo, mulatto) chidm kinh td, vfin hofi giQa ngQdi ban dia, ngQdi<br />
32,4% (3). da trfing vfi ngUdi da den. Dd cung chfnh Ifi<br />
Trong sd 3,2 tripu ngUdi da trfing ed dilu kipn hinh thfinh nen vfin hofi da sfic<br />
khoang 150.000 ngUdi thupc nhdm tpc d chfiu My nhU hipn nay.<br />
62 Rghien cuu Ljch sJr. sg 4.2009<br />
<br />
Tao ra m o t so y e u to mdi trong n e n tQ nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao. Hp cdn gidi thieu<br />
k i n h te thuoc dia cho ngUdi Indian biet den banh xe, thQ mfi<br />
ngUdi Indian thfim chf chUa he dUde nhin<br />
Ben canh tac dpng mang tinh chfi't tU<br />
thfi'y. Bfinh xe dfi cho phdp ngUdi Indian<br />
nhien Ifi sU hda trpn chung tpc, chinh sfich<br />
che tao ra xe bd, xe ngiia thay the cho sQc<br />
thiie dan eua Tfiy Ban Nha cdn tao ra d<br />
kdo ciia con ngUdi trUde day.<br />
chau My mpt so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh<br />
te thupc dia. TrUdc khi bi ngUdi Tfiy Ban "NgQdi Indian rdt thich thu nhQng sdn<br />
Nha xam chiem, nen kinh td cua ngUdi da phdm cua nin cdng nghi chdu Au. NhQng<br />
dd mang tfnh chfi't tu nhien tu cfi'p tU tuc. mdi ten dQdc gdn kim loai to ra Qu viit hdn<br />
NhUng tfnh chfi't dd da thay ddi bdi nhiing hdn so vdi nhQng mui tin gdn dd. Viic sdn<br />
hoat dpng kinh te phuc vu cho muc dfch ban trd nin hieu qud hdn vdi sQ xudt hien<br />
thiic dan ciia ngudi Tfiy Ban Nha. Cung vdi cua sung... " (6).<br />
qufi trinh xfim lUde vfi khai thae thupc dia,<br />
Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha trong<br />
ngudi Tay Ban Nha da mang den chfiu My<br />
qufi trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra<br />
nhQng gidng efiy trdng, vfit nudi mdi la mfi<br />
nhQng yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te thupc<br />
d dd chUa he biet den.<br />
dia. Mfic du thiic dan Tfiy Ban Nha ludn thi<br />
Ngay trong chuyen thfim hiem Ifin thQ hfinh chfnh sfich kim ham ddi vdi nen kinh<br />
hai ciia minh (1493), Critxtdp Cdldmbd dfi td cua ngUdi ban xQ, nhUng dfiu sao nin<br />
mang sang thupc dia mpt sd gidng rau vfi kinh td dd vfin phfit trien theo mpt cd cfi'u<br />
con vfit nudi. Trong qufi trinh khai thfie vfi da dang hdn trUde, bao gdm nhieu ngfinh<br />
nhfip cU, ngUdi Tfiy Ban Nha mang theo nhu khai thfie md, chfin nudi, edng nghipp,<br />
nhQng dpng vfit cung cfi'p thiie phfim nhU buon bfin vdi chfiu A vfi Tay Ban Nha...<br />
gfi, ldn, cQu, de, bd sQa...; nhQng gidng efiy<br />
trdng mdi: lua mi, lua mach, mach den vfi Trong cac nganh kinh te mdi xufi't hipn<br />
yen mach, nho (de san xufi't rUdu vang), cfi thdi ky thupc Tay Ban Nha, khai md dfi<br />
phe... Theo thdng ke, ed khoang 170 loai ddng mpt vai trd chii yeu trong sii phfit<br />
gidng rau vfi efiy trdng dUde ngUdi Tay Ban trien cua nen kinh te thupc dia. O ndi dfiu<br />
Nha dUa sang chfiu My (5), trong sd dd cd cd khai md, ndi dd thfinh phd mpe len vfi<br />
nhieu loai hipn nay trd thfinh ngudn thu phat trien thinh vUpng. Vf du nhU thfinh<br />
chfnh cua san xufi't ndng nghipp d chau My. phd Pdtdsi (Peru) - ndi ed md bae Pdtdsi - ed<br />
Mpt sd dpng vfit cd sQc kdo nhQ la, ngiia, dfin so len den 160.000 ngUdi vfio giQa the<br />
bd... eung dQde ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dem ky XVII (7), trd thfinh thfinh phd" ldn nhfit d<br />
den chfiu My. TrUdc khi cd sU xufi't hien eua chau My, bd xa ca thu dd Mexico. NhUng<br />
nhQng lofii dpng vfit nfiy, ngQdi ban dia d den dfiu the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thfinh<br />
chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi dl mang ngudn cung cfi'p khofing san chinh thi<br />
vfie nhQng hfing hda nfing (gpi Ifi cac Pdtdsi dfin thu nhd lai thfinh mpt lang vdi<br />
tameme), vfi chi cd lac dfi khdng bQdu Ifi dan sd chi khoang 8000 ngUdi (nfim 1800)<br />
dpng vfit cd sQc kdo duy nhfi't dUde sQ dung (8).<br />
d vung Andes.<br />
Thu nhfip tQ hoat dpng khai md Ifi<br />
NgUdi Tay Ban Nha ciing da mang den ngudn tfii chfnh chii yeu nudi dUdng tofin<br />
chfiu My tfi't ca nhQng kinh nghipm eua hp bp bp mfiy hfinh chfnh thupc dia. Den nfim<br />
ve trdng trpt, trong dd ed nhilu dieu hp hpc 1800, eac thupc dia cua Tay Ban Nha vfi Bd<br />
TB
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