Front limb

Sea lion characteristics: Webbed flipper-like forefoot and hind foot. Front flipper thicker on front edge. Skin of flipper extends past tips of toe bones, supported by individual cartilages attached to ends of toe bones. Noticeable claws on three middle toes of hind foot; other claws tiny and inconspicuous. Front flipper triangular; hind flipper rectangular. Hind limb can be advanced forward—can walk, but thigh and lower leg encased in skin of abdomen (seals can't walk—their hind limbs permanently extended backward). Elbow also enclosed in body skin, but forearms are free.

12p audi123 31-07-2010 223 7   Download

Rabbit characteristics: Two pairs of upper incisors; second pair small and peg-like, located just behind the front pair. Perforated lace-like texture of bone on side of skull in front of eye socket. (Both features not found in rodents). Long and pointed large ears. Arched upper profile of skull. Strong extension of spine where neck vertebrae meet thoracic vertebrae. Strong extension of middle tail vertebrae, raising tufted tail. Relatively thin, delicate bones. Rear-projecting "metacromion" from lower end of shoulder blade (for insertion of trapezius and omotransversarius muscles).

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Ox (domestic cattle) characteristics: Unbranched, permanent horn has bony core covered with hard sheath, present usually in both male and female. Horns often cut off by owner ("polled"). No front teeth (incisors) in upper jaw; lower incisors press against toughened skin of palate. Ulna complete, but thin and fused to thicker radius. Only the upper and lower ends of the fibula are present, connected by a fibrous cord that replaces the shaft. The lower end is attached to the underside of the outer portion of the tibia. Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and...

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Lion (feline) characteristics: Elongated skull. Proportion of skull varies—large in lion, jaguar, and tiger, small in cheetah and mountain lion. Large canines, small incisors. Cheek teeth with sharp edges for shearing. Large temporalis and masseter muscles of skull to powerfully close jaw. Eyes shifted slightly forward for binocular vision. Constricted pupil is round in large cats, vertical in domestic cats (pupil is horizontal in sheep and goats). Top edge of scapula usually higher than tips of thoracic vertebrae.

6p audi123 31-07-2010 84 13   Download

Gluteus superficialis HORSE • Origin: Point of the hip (coxal tuberosity) and an adjacent area on the outer edge of the ilium of the pelvis; from fascia covering the gluteus medius (in part ultimately originating from the ligament connecting the sacrum to the ilium). • Insertion: Third trochanter of the femur, one third of the way down the outside of the bone. • Action: Flexes the hip joint; pulls the limb away from the body. • Structure: The gluteus superficialis is a thin, V-shaped muscle that converges on the femur. The front portion is partly covered by, and firmly...

24p audi123 31-07-2010 113 12   Download

The supraspinatus together create the rounded front edge of the shoulder form (located at the base of the side of the neck). In the ox, however, the supraspinatus alone creates the front of the shoulder form (the subclavius is deep). DOG AND FELINE • Origin: Outer surface of the front portion of the scapula and the adjacent cartilage. • Insertion: Inner and outer front corners of the top of the humerus. • Action: Extends the shoulder joint, advancing the limb. • Structure: The belly of the supraspinatus is thin where it begins, on the outside of the top of the shoulder blade;...

22p audi123 31-07-2010 113 11   Download

Dog (canid) characteristics: Anatomy is the same in various domestic breeds and wild species—major difference is size and proportion (Dachshund to Great Dane). Typically with elongated skull—snout long and narrow (some domestic breeds have short muzzles). Large canines. Cheekteeth with sharp edges for shearing. Large, pointed ears—upright in all wild species and in many domestic breeds; hanging in some breeds. Deep chest (top to bottom); long, thin limbs. Five digits on front limb (thumb reduced), four on hind limb (big toe absent). Blunt, nonretractile claws. Walks on toes.

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Bear characteristics: Large, powerful body; powerful limbs appear relatively short. Rear feet wide. Walks on sole and heel of rear foot and usually on digits of front foot. Five digits per limb with long, curved, nonretractile claws. Front claws longer than rear claws. Large head, small eyes. Small, round, erect, furry ears. Large canines; flat, grinding molars. Short tail. Arched back, high shoulder. Grizzly has most prominent shoulder hump and dished, slightly concave face (in profile). Can have very thick layer of fur.

9p audi123 31-07-2010 100 13   Download