Lecture Management accounting: An Australian perspective: Chapter 5 - Kim Langfield-Smith
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Chapter 5 introduce the process costing and operation costing. Learning objectives of this chapter: Process costing at Spritz, Process costing with work in process inventories, process costing using the weighted average method, process costing using the FIFO method, process costing and spoilage, operation costing, other issues in process costing.
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Nội dung Text: Lecture Management accounting: An Australian perspective: Chapter 5 - Kim Langfield-Smith
- Chapter 5 Process costing and operation costing Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
- Product costing systems Job costing and process costing are two extremes of the continuum of conventional product costing systems Job costing systems accumulate the costs of each job Process costing systems accumulate the cost of each process, then average these costs across all units produced Many businesses use a combination of job and process costing—hybrid costing Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 2
- Process costing Used by businesses that massproduce one product or a small range of almost identical products Involves a number of processes that are performed repetitively Used by oil refineries, food processors, manufactures of tobacco, chemicals and paper Also used by producers of repetitive services— routine processing of cheques in banks and delivery of standard letters in Australia Post continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 3
- Process costing Two main steps Estimate the cost of the production process Calculate the average cost per unit by dividing the cost of the process by the number of units produced Process costing can be used in situations where there is no opening or closing WIP inventory (see Chapter 4) More complex process costing takes place where there is WIP inventory Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 4
- Process costing with WIP WIP inventory Product is not complete at the beginning or end of the month Production costs will relate to Units started in the previous period and completed in current period (beginning WIP) Units started and completed in the period Units that are incomplete at the end of the period (ending WIP) continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 5
- Process costing with WIP Partiallycompleted goods at the beginning or end of the period change the way we allocate production costs Equivalent units The amount of production inputs that have been applied to the physical units in production Physical units are all units currently in production whether complete or incomplete WIP inventory needs to be converted to equivalent units continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 6
- Process costing with WIP Labour and overhead are incurred at different stages of the production process Units in ending WIP are generally at different stages of completion in respect to material and labour Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 7
- Calculation of equivalent units for ending WIP If WIP is 50% complete for 10,000 litres on hand at the end of the month: 100% complete for direct materials, which are added at the start of the process 10,000 equivalent units of material 50% complete for conversion costs, assuming that conversion costs occur uniformly across the production process 5,000 equivalent units of conversion cost Equivalent units are used to calculated unit costs when there is WIP Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 8
- The effect of beginning and ending WIP Four steps in process costing 1. Analyse the physical flow of units 2. Calculate the equivalent units 3. Calculate the unit costs 4. Analyse the total costs Product are costed using either Weighted average method First in first out (FIFO) method Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 9
- Process costing using the weighted average method Step one: analyse the physical flow of units Physical units Physical Physical units Physical units in beginning + units completed and = in ending WIP WIP started transferred out continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 10
- Process costing using the weighted average method Step two: calculate the equivalent units The equivalent units in beginning WIP are not identified separately, a key feature of weighted average cost method Equivalent units Equivalent units Total equivalent completed and + in ending WIP = units transferred out continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 11
- Process costing using the weighted average method Step three: calculate the unit costs The cost per equivalent unit for direct material is the total direct material (conversion costs) costs divided by the total equivalent units Under the weighted average method the cost per equivalent unit is based on the total costs incurred, including the cost of beginning WIP Step four: analyse the costs Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 12
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 13
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 14
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 15
- Process costing using the FIFO method It is assumed that the oldest inventory is completed before new production commences Step one: analyse the physical flow of units Identical to the weighted average method Step two: calculate the equivalent units Under FIFO, equivalent units in opening WIP are subtracted from total equivalent units to give new units of production continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 16
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 17
- Process costing using the FIFO method Step three: calculate the unit costs Cost per equivalent unit is calculated for direct material (or conversion cost) by dividing the direct material cost incurred during the current month only by the new equivalent units added during the current month only. Step four: analyse total costs Assumes that the units in beginning inventory are completed and transferred out first Cost of the beginning WIP are not mixed with those incurred during current month Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 18
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 19
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 20
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