CdNG TAG DAO TAO GlAO V | £ N it CAC T I N H MIEN NUI<br />
PHiA BAG TRONG NHUNG N A M 1954-1965<br />
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DUY THI H A I HirdNG"<br />
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1. Tht^c tr^ng gifio d^c d cfic tinh mifin nghifim trpng. Khfing nhOng v$y, ehd't<br />
nui vfi y€u cau dfio tao gifio vi€n lupng d^i ngd gifio vifin cdn nhifiu hgn chfi.<br />
Nfim 1954, mifin Ble dupe giai ph6ng, MOt b$ phgn gifio vi6n khfing thfch di dgy<br />
bufic vfio thcli k^ khSi phye kinh tfi, hfin mfi mufi'n chuyfin vi xudi cdng tfic ho$c<br />
gin vet thUdng chifin tranh v6i bpn bfi kh6 chuyfin cfing tfic khfic, nhu mpt sfi* gifio vifin<br />
khfin. VPi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii lai ci tinh Cao Bdng, Lfio Cai.<br />
cfing nhifiu kh6 khfin. Nen kinh te eua cac Trong bdi canh mifin Bfic dang tifin<br />
tinh mifin nui chu yfiu lfi san xud't nong hfinh kh&i phye kinh tfi', chu£[n bi cd sd v$t<br />
nghi§p von da ngh^o, lgc hfiu, mang tinh chfi^t cho edng cu0c xfiy dyng chu nghia xa<br />
chfift ti^ cung, tu cSip Iai bi chifin tranh tfin h$i mfi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii, m$t<br />
phfi nfing nfi. Dcfi sfi^ng eua nhan dan con viing Ifinh thfi r$ng ldn, gifl vi trf quan<br />
d6i kho. Hfing nfim, dai bp ph^n nhfin dfin trpng vi kinh t^, an ninh - qufic phdng, lgi<br />
chi du fin trong bon, nfim thfing, cfin Iai hi khdng bifit chfl sfi anh hudng rfit ldn dfin<br />
d6i, thfim chi c6 nOi vin eon nhifiu ngUdi cdng cuOc khdi phye, phfit tri^n kinh tfi cua<br />
chet do d6i (1). Tinh hinh ehfnh tn, xa h^i mien niii ndi nfing vfi mifin Bfic ndi ehung.<br />
cQng c6 nhflng dien bifin phflc tgp (2). Tinh trgng dfin trf thdp sfi lfi cd h^i di cfic<br />
Unh vUc vfin h6a, trong d6 c6 giao dye thfi lye thii dfeh Ipi dyng ehia rS khfii dgi<br />
cung c6 nhflng kh6 khfin nhfi't dinh. Kh6 dofin kfit dfin t ^ , Idi kfio dong bfio chfing lgi<br />
khfin ldn nhfit Ifi dgi da sfi* nhfin dfin ehUa ehu trUdng cua Dang vfi chfnh sfich eua<br />
bifit chfl. Dfin nfim 1954, dfin sfi 10 tinh Nhfi nUdc ta.<br />
mifin niii phfa Bfic khoang 92 vgn ngUcli (3), Dl giai quyfit nhQng khd khfin ngu trfin<br />
trong A6, ehi e6 tren 31 van ngUdi bifit dpc, ddng thdi nh$n thflc dUpc vi trf quan trpng<br />
biet vifit, chifim 33,6% dan sfi eua viing. Cd cua cfic tinh mifin niii doi vdi cdng cupc<br />
sd vfit ch^t phue vy cho cong tac giang dgy khdi phye, phfit trifin kinh t^, vfin hda vfi<br />
vfi hoc tfip hdu nhu chua ed gl. Dpi ngu gifio an ninh, qufic phdng. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc<br />
vifin, nhfit lfi giao vien ngUdi dfin tpc thifiu d$c bi^t coi trpng cdng tfic gifio dye. "Ndng<br />
so, gifio vien ngudi dia phUdng thifiu cao trinh d^ vdn hoa d miin nui Id mdt v£n<br />
<br />
ThS. Hpe vi^n Khoa hpe xfi h$i<br />
COng t6c dap tgo gi6o vian..,<br />
<br />
di cdp bdch, co y nghia vd tdc dung to ldn tu tri Vifit Bfic, nhi§m vy Ifi phy trfieh cfing<br />
din viSc thiic ddy todn bd sU nghiSp phdt tfic gifio dye eua Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio dye Ifi<br />
triin kinh ti miin nui" (4). "Cdng tdc gido Ty Gifio dye cfic tinh, phy trfieh edng tfic<br />
due CO mdt vi tri rdt quan trgng trong vi^c gifio due cua dia phuong. Ban Gifio dye<br />
dong gop vdo c6ng cu6c xdy dUng chu nghia Khu ty tri Thai • M6o, phu trach cdng tfic<br />
xd hot vd cung cd qudc phdng d miin niii. gifio dye eiia Khu. Dudi Ban Gifio due lfi Sd<br />
Nhd trinh dfi gific ngd xa hdi chia nghia Gifio dye cfic ehfiu, phu trfieh cfing tfic gifio<br />
dupc nfing cao, dfing thdi vdi vi^c nfing cao dye ciia cfic ehfiu. Bfin canh dd, Uy ban<br />
trinh dd vfin hda vfi ky thufit,... nhfin dfin Hfinh ehfnh Khu tu tri Thai - Mfio vfi Khu<br />
eae dan toe 6 mifin niii s6 ed thfim difiu ki§n ty tri Vi§t Bfic cdn tS chijtc nhifiu hinh thiic<br />
d^y manh san xufi't, xfiy dyng ddi song mdi, dfio tao gifio vien nhU: Md eae tdp boi<br />
mau ehdng Ifim eho "mifin niii tifi'n kip mifin dudng, dfio tgo sU phgm cdp toe; Thfinh Ifip<br />
xudi", thye hipn quyfin Ifim chu vfi binh cfic trUdng sU pham dfi dfio tgo gifio vien<br />
ddng thye sU gii3a cfic dfin tdc vi mpi mfit, dia phUOng cho cfic cdp hoc; Ci giao vien di<br />
cung cfi tinh dofin kfit dfin tfic" (5). Song, hpe tgi cfic trudng d Trung Udng.<br />
mud'n xfiy dyng vfi phfit triln gifio dye thi Md cdc ldp boi dudng, dao tao aU<br />
vife trUde tien Ifi phai dfio tao dpi ngii giao pham cdp tdc<br />
vien. Vi^c ddo tao vd bSi dUdng gido vien<br />
TrUdc khi thfinh Ifip Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh<br />
phdi di trUdc viec phdt trien gido due mdt Khu ty tri Tfiy Bfic vfi Viet Bfic, tfl thang 2<br />
budc. dfin thang 5 nfim 1954, ngfinh gifio due cac<br />
2. Cong tac dao tao giao vien tai cac tinh Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Sdn La va Lai Chfiu<br />
tinh mien nui phia Bac trong nhiifng da md cae Idp sU pham dao tao dupe 120<br />
nam 1964 - 1966 ngudi. Ldp hoc gdm ba phdn: chinh hudn, ly<br />
Khong chi coi trpng, dfi cao vi trf cua lufin chuyen mon vfi thUc tfip. Hfit khda thi<br />
cfing tac gifio due, trong dfi cd cdng tae dfio sat haeh dl di day. Cung trong thdi gian<br />
tao dpi ngii gifio vien. Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc dd, hai tinh Sdn La vfi Yen Bai md ldp sU<br />
cdn ban hfinh mfit so chii trUdng, chinh pham cho 37 hpe sinh. Thang 11 nfim 1954,<br />
sfich, bipn phfip di tao difi'u ki^n thufin Ipi ngfinh giao due tinh Sdn La to chflc Hdi<br />
cho cdng tac dio tao giao vi§n ndi rieng vfi nghi boi dudng nghiep vy sU pham eho 110<br />
giao vien binh dfin hpe vu. Thang 12 nfim<br />
gifio due ndi ehung tai cac tinh mien niii<br />
1954, cac tinh cung dfiu md eae Idp hudn<br />
phat trifin. Dd la ehii trUOng thfinh Ifip cac<br />
luy^n sU phgm cho cfic bfic hoc, nhu tinh<br />
khu tu trj (cae tinh Yen Bfii, Lfio Cai, Sdn<br />
Son La md dupe 6 ldp dfio tao giao vifin cho<br />
La, Lai Chau thfinh Khu ty tri Thai - M^o;<br />
146 ngfldi; 9 ldp dfio tao giao vien binh dan<br />
cfic tinh Cao Bfing, Bfic Kan, Hfi Giang,<br />
hoc vy cho 259 ngUdi. Tinh Y§n Bai md<br />
Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen vfi Lang Son dupe 5 Idp dfio tgo giao vien vd long vfi 2 Idp<br />
thfinh Khu tU tri Vi§t Bfic (6)); Dieu dpng dfio tao giao vifin binh dan hpe vy cho 96<br />
giao vien mifin xudi Ien mifin niii cdng tae ngUdi. "finh Lfio Cai md dflpc 2 ldp dfio tgo<br />
(7); chinh sach ho trp giao vien,... gifio vien binh dfin hpe vy (8).<br />
Ngay sau khi dupc thfinh Ifip, IJy ban<br />
hfinh chfnh cfic khu xay dung cfic ban D I nhanh chdng cd ddi ngu gifio vifin<br />
chuyen trach dfi quan ly, chfim lo cdng tac giang day dap flng yfiu cdu gifio dye va dfio<br />
giao due cua khu. Dd lfi Ban Giao dye Khu tao, ngfinh giao due cfic tinh mien nui da<br />
Rghian cOru Ljch aJr. atf 9.g01g<br />
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thpc hi$n mdt sfi" bi§n phfip nhU md cfic ldp TrUdng Su phgm ad cdp Thfii Nguyfin, Bdc<br />
dfio tgo cfi'p td'c, thdi gian iii m^t tudn lfi, Kgn, TuySn Quang cdn md cdc trung bdi<br />
m^t thdng dfin mljt hpe k^ cho nhflng cfin dudng vfin hda cho cdc gifio vifin cd nhu cdu<br />
b$ c6 trinh d^ nhdt dinh; md cfic ldp bfii nflng cao nghidp vy sfl phgm. Dfin nfim<br />
dfldng sfl phgm; tuyfin hpe sinh phi thdng 1963, cfic trudng nfiy dfi trd thfinh nhflng<br />
cd trinh do cdp 2, cdp 3 di dgy, Dfin nhflng trung tflm bdi dflSng, hfim thy sfl phgm cho<br />
nfim 1955, 1956, cfic tinh mifin niii dUpe gifio vifin edp 2 tifiu hilu ciia Khu t\f tri<br />
thfinh I^p cfic khu ty tri ^hl cdng tfie dfio Vi$t Bdc. Trong nfim nfiy, cde trfldng dfi bdi<br />
tgo gifio vifin cd tfnh chfnh quy vfi hO thfing dfldng, hfim thy sfl phgm cdp 2 cho 611<br />
hdn. gifio vifin (12).<br />
T^i Khu V tri Thdi • Mdo. Ban Gifio dye Thdnh l^p cdc trudng aU pham ddo<br />
khu thfinh I$p cfic trfldng sU phgm sd cdp tao gido vi£n d^a phuang cho cde cdp<br />
dfi dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 (chiing tdi sfi hgc<br />
trinh bfiy cy thfi d myc sau), BSn cgnh vi^c Ddo t^o gido viSn cdp 1: TrUde nflm<br />
dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 theo chUdng trinh 1956, edng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 cho<br />
quy dinh ciia Bd Gifio dye, dl dfip flng tfit cfic tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic Ifi do TrUdng Su<br />
hdn nfla ngudn gifio vifin cho ede trUdng phgm sd edp Vifit Bdc dam nhi^m. Nfim<br />
phfi thdng. Ban Gifio dye khu edn md cfic 1956, Khu t\( tri Vi§t Bflc dupc thfinh ldp.<br />
Idp bdi dfldng nghifip vu sU phgm, cdc ldp Ban Gifio dye Khu tifip quan trfldng dl dfio<br />
sU phgm cfi'p td'c... Nfim 1955, Ban Gifio tgo gifio vifin edp 1 trong Khu. Trong ba<br />
dye Khu to chflc cfic ldp sU phgm cdp tfic nfim, tfl nfim 1956 dfin nfim 1958, tudng da<br />
dfio tgo dflpc khoang 60 gifio vifin cd trinh dfio tgo dflpc 636 gifio sinh (13) theo hpe,<br />
dp dgy ldp 1, 2. Nfim 1956, Ban phdi hpp chii yfiu lfi ngudi dfln t^c Tfiy, Nflng vfi<br />
vdi cfic trudng sU phgm sd cfi'p trong Khu Kinh (14).<br />
md cfic ldp bdi dfldng sU phgm cho 47 gifio<br />
vi§n c6 trinh d^ ldp 3, 4. Thdi gian hpe eiia Cung gid'ng nhU cfic tinh mifin niii Khu<br />
mdi Idp tfl 18 ngfiy dfin 3 thfing. Dfin nfim ti^ tri Vi§t Bfic, trudc nflm 1956, cdng tfic<br />
1959, Ban md ldp bdi dfldng chfnh tri eho dfio tgo gifio \ ifin cdp 1 eua Khu ty tri Thfii<br />
tofin bd gifio vien cdp 1 trong Khu (9). - Mfio do Trudng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bfic<br />
dam nhiOm. Nfim 1966, khi TrUdng Sfl<br />
Ti?i Khu t\e tri Vi^t Bdc, nfim 1960, Ban<br />
phgm sd cdp Vi§t Bdc dupe chuyfin vi Khu<br />
gifio Khu md m^t ldp bdi dfldng sfl phgm<br />
ti.t tri Vi§t Bdc thi Ban Gifio dye Khu ti^ tri<br />
cdp td'c cho 254 gifio sinh lfi con em ngfldi<br />
Thfii • Mfio xfiy dyng Trfldng sU phgm sd<br />
dfin tde dia phUPng (10). Nflm hpe 1961<br />
edp mifin nfli dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1<br />
1962, cfic Trudng Sfl phgm sO cdp Thfii<br />
trong Khu. Nfim 1959, trudng dfio tgo dUpc<br />
Nguygn, Tuyfin Quang, Lgng Sdn, Trfldng<br />
28 gifio vifin dgy ldp 1,2 vfi 50 gifio vifin cdp<br />
Sfl phgm sd cdp Vi^t Bfic dfi bdi dudng mdn<br />
td'c dgy ldp 1, 2 chfl Thdi (15). Dfin nfim<br />
Trifit hoc thudng thflc cho 1.400 gifio vifin,<br />
1960, trudng dfi dfio tgo dupc 741 gifio vifin<br />
mfin Tfim 1^ hpe eho 1.200 gido vifin; bdi<br />
di dgy tgi cfic chfiu (16).<br />
dudng vfin hda theo ehUdng trinh nflm thfl<br />
nhdt sU phgm cd'p 1 (h§ 4+2) cho 1.671 gifio TrUdc nhflng nfim 1959, vi§c dfio tgo<br />
vifin ldp 1,2 (11). Ngofii vific dfio tgo gifio gifio vifin cfi'p 1 lfi do Khu t^ chflc vfi quan<br />
vifin cdp 1 theo chUdng trinh quy dinh, cfic 1^, tfl nhflng nflm 1960, Ban giflo dye cdc<br />
COng Ibc dio tgo giao vian..<br />
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khu ty tri cho phfip cfic tinh vfi cfic chfiu Tgi cde tinh mifin nui Khu ty tri Tfiy<br />
thfinh lgp cfic trudng sfl phgm sd cfi'p dl Bdc (20), dfin nfim 1963, bfin cgnh trfldng<br />
trflc tifip ddo tgo gido vifin cdp 1 cho dia BU phgm sd cdp mifi'n niii do Khu quan I^<br />
phUdng minh. edn ed 18 trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp d cfic chflu<br />
Budc sang nfim 1961, Ban gifio dye cfic (21) dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1. Tfnh trung<br />
khu da dfi ra nhflng bifin phfip tfch cpc. Dd binh m^t chflu cd hdn mdt trfldng sfl phgm<br />
lfi tflp trung dfio tgo gifio vifin tofin cfip, ddy sd cd'p dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp 1. Tfl nfim<br />
dil hdn, tofin di^n hdn thay vi chii yfiu dfio 1961 dfin nflm 1963, Trudng sU phgm sd<br />
tgo gifio vifin cdc ldp ddu edp (ldp 1,2) nhu cdp mifin nui ciia Khu dflo tgo dUpc 497<br />
nhflng nfim ddu hda binh l^p Igi; Tfing gido sinh, trong dd cd tdi 398 gifio sinh<br />
eudng sy lanh dgo eua cfic ngfinh, cfic cdp (chifim 80%) lfi ngfldi dfln t^c thilu sfi (22).<br />
dfin cdng tfie gido dye; Tflp trung vfio ddi Cflng trong nhflng nfim dd, 18 trfldng sU<br />
tflpng lfi nam nfl thanh nifin cfic dfin t^c dia phgm sd cdp d cfic chfiu eua Khu dfio tgo<br />
phflOng dl tuyin sinh vfi d$e bifit lfi md dupc hdn 200 gifio sinh, trong dd cd tdi 180<br />
rdng mgng ludi trfldng sU phgm sd cfi'p theo gifio sinh (chifim 90%) lfi ngUdi dfin t^c<br />
khdu hifiu "Dfin t^c nfio ed gifio vien ciia thilu sfi (23).<br />
dfin tdc dy", "Dia phfldng nfio ed gifio vifin Tfnh dfin nfim hpe 1964 - 1965, cfic tinh<br />
ciia dja phUdng fiy". mifin nfli cd khoang 5,998 gifio vien edp 1,<br />
Triln khai nhiOm vy tren, ngay tfl nflm trong dd cae tinh mien nui thupc Khu ty t 4<br />
hpe 1960-1961, Ty Gifio dye cfic dia phUOng Vi^t Bdc ed 4.607 gifio vifin, cdn cfic tinh<br />
da thfinh Iflp trUdng sU phgm sd cdp dl dfio mifin nfli Khu tu tri Tfiy Bfic cd 1.391 giao<br />
tgo gifio vifin cdp 1. vifin (24).<br />
Tai cfic tinh mifin niii Khu tU tri Viet Vdi sfi Iflpng gifio vien dupc dfio tgo tai<br />
Bfic, bfin canh TrUdng SU phgm so cfi'p Vipt dja phUOng tfldng doi ddng va cO ban nhfl<br />
v4y nfin ngay tfl nhflng nfim 1962, 1963,<br />
Bdc do Khu quan I^ cdn ed 6 trUdng sfl<br />
cac tinh mifin nfli phfa Bdc da phdn nfio<br />
pham sd cdp eiia 6 tinh lfi Trfldng Sfl phgm<br />
dam bao dflpc nhu edu vfi gifio vifin cdp 1.<br />
ad cdp Cao Bdng, TrUdng Su phgm sd edp<br />
Thfii Nguyen, Trfldng Su phgm sO cfip Ddo t